What are the granulocytes?
Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils
When a monocytes leaves the blood stream and moves into the tissue, what is it called?
A macrophage or a dendritic cell
Follicular dendritic cells (ones in lymph nodes that train other cells) come from where?
Lymphoid tissue (not monocytes)
What are the 3 lymph cells?
- B Cells (acquired immune system)
- T Cells (acquired immune system)
- Natural Killer cells (go over to the innate immune system)
2 indicators that a cell is not healthy
- Decreased MHCI
- Proteins that should only be inside the cell appear on the outside (via a failure of Flippase?)
What is flippase?
It is an enzyme that uses ATP to keep proteins on one side of the cell surface from moving to the other side (asymmetry across the lipid bilayer)
Basic definition of STEM cells
Cells that can produce cells of other types as well as themselves
What are totipotent cells?
Stem cells that can make all cells in the body
What are pluripotent cells?
- Stem cells that can make multiple cell types but not all of them
- All of the cells in the bone marrow start from pluripotent stem cells
- It makes myeloid and lymphoid cells
What are multipotent cells?
- Stem cells that make multiple cells but not as many as pluripotent stem cells
- Bone marrow example
- Myeloid progenitor cell makes
- Megakaryocytes
- Erythrocytes
- Granulocytes
- Monocytes
- Myeloid progenitor cell makes
What are oligopotent cells?
Stem cells which make a few other cells (not too many)
What are unipotent cells?
Stem cells that only make one other type of cell
(The stem cell making only a neutrophil {left side in picture} is a unipotent stem cell)
Trace the line from hemocytoblast to neutrophil
- Hemocytoblast (primary stem cell for the bone marrow)
- Myeloid progenitor (lymphoid progenitor is the other line)
- Myeloblast
- Pro myelocyte (not committed to make the granulocytes)
- Myelocyte neutrophil (also a myelocyte basophil and eosinophil)
- Metamyelocyte neutrophil (same as above)
- Band (or stab) stage (cells almost mature)
- A lot of bands means either active infection or cancer
- Mature neutrophil (basophil, eosinophil)
What is the clinical significance of a lot of band cells in the blood?
A lot of bands in the periphery means that we are either making too many (cancer) or that we need them (infection?) - They are too immature to be in the periphery
What types of granules do neutrophils have?
- Primary
- Azurophilic
- Secondary
- Tertiary
What stimulates a hemocytoblast (in the bone marrow) to make more cells?
IL-3 from T-cells (helper?)
What are the different types of WBCs?
- Granulocytes
- Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils
- Agranulocytes
- Lymphocytes
- T cells
- B cells
- NK cells
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
- Lymphocytes
When do we need more monocytes and therefore macrophages?
During chronic infections
When do we need more neutrophils?
During acute infections
Where does GM-CSF (granulocyte, monocyte colony stimulating factor) and G-CSF come from?
Macrophage releases it to stimulate the bone marrow (specifically the myeloblasts) to produce more granulocytes and more monocytes (thus producing more neutrophils along with other cells)
What is a Barr body?
The inactivated X chromosome in all of the female somatic cells (the neutrophil has a Barr body [1/100])
- Also called the drumstick
- If there is more than one there is a genetic problem
What are Dohle bodies?
Remnants of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasmic inclusion seen in the neutrophil cytoplasm of unknown significance
When CD31 on a macrophage connects with CD31 on a neutrophil what is happening?
The neutrophil is telling the macrophage that it is an activated, fully functioning neutrophil
What is the macrophage’s duty in regards to the neutrophil?
To figure out if the neutrophil is healthy or if it’s ability to function is impaired
- If it’s not healthy the macrophage will destroy it
