Immune System

Question 1

One key role of antibodies is to recognize substances/cells that need to be eliminated. What is another key role antibodies have?

Answer 1

To be recognized by other components of the immune system

Question 2

the two heavy chains and two light chains of antibodies are linked by what type of bonds?

Answer 2

disulfide bonds

Question 3

“top” ends of antibodies that bind to the target antigen, and differs in each type of antibody. These region distinguishes one antibody from another

Answer 3

variable region

the variable region contributes to the antigen binding site

Question 4

the specific part of an antigen that an antibody recognizes

Answer 4

epitope

Question 5

the antigen-recognizing area of the antibody

Answer 5

paratope

Question 6

What are T-cells roles?

Answer 6

• To recognize cells that have been damaged by viral infections or have malfunctioned
• Killing these infected cells
• Activating other immune cells
• Produce cytokines
• Regulating immune response

Question 7

What cells modulate immune responses based on antigen fragments that are presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II?

Answer 7

T-cells

Question 8

receives protein fragements from inside the cell and presents them extracellularly as antigens that T cells can respond to; serve as an internal quality checkpoint

Answer 8

MHC class I

Question 9

Shows fragments of antigens from external invaders that have been engulfed so that CD4+ and helper T cells can recruit response; expressed primarily in macrophages and macrophage-like cells (i.e dendritic and B-cells)

Answer 9

MHC class II

think of this as a scouting report; they are a way for cells that destroy foreign bodies to tell the rest of the body what they’ve found in order for a more coordinated response to be produced

Question 10

process by which cells present antigens on their membranes

Answer 10

antigen presentation

all nucleated cells are antigen-presenting bc they express MHC class I

Question 11

What is considered a professional antigen-presenting cell?

Answer 11

Any specialized cell that expresses MHC class II

Question 12

the innate immune system is split into two components….

Answer 12

1. non-cellular component
2. cellular component

can act independently or be coordinated

the non-cellular component includes anatomical barriers and signaling molecules i.e cytokines and complement proteins
the cellular component includes a range of WBC’s

Question 13

Name anatomical barriers (non-cellular components) of the innate immune system

Answer 13

• the skin
• GI tract
• respiratory system

Question 14

List and explain the components of the GI tract that serve as anatomical barriers against infections

Answer 14

• oral cavity - lysozymes in saliva break down bacteria cell walls
• low pH of stomach
• peristalsis - bacteria/viruses stuggle to adhere to GI lining and/or invade body cells that are flushed out
• gut flora - prevent bad bacteria from out-colonizing the good bacteria

Question 15

List and explain the components of the respiratory system that serve as anatomical barriers against infections

Answer 15

• mucus in upper respiratory tract - contains lysozymes (antibacterial) & mucus can be expelled from bod or swallowed into stomach
• mucocilliary escalator

Question 16

the ____ is inside of the conducting airways and is made up of mucus and cilia, which moves the mucus up and out of the lungs where it can be expelled by coughing or swallowing

Answer 16

mucocilliary escalator

Question 17

Name at least two commonalities between all white blood cells:

Answer 17

1. they all have nuclei
2. they are all produced in bone marrow

Question 18

Name the WBC

an elevated amount of what kind of leukocyte could be an indication of an accute inflammatory response or an acute infection?

Answer 18

neutrophil

1st responders of infection, responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria

Question 19

What are the major categories of lymphocytes?

Answer 19

• B cells
• T cells (helper, cytotoxic, & regulatory)
• Natural killer (NK) cells

Question 20

What type of lymphocytes are involved in the adaptive (specific) immune system? The innate immune system?

Answer 20

Specific - B & T cells
Innate - NK cells

Question 21

Name the lymphocyte

Control several types of tumors and microbial infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage. Known to staddle the lie of innate & adaptive immune system bc they respond to cells that have been “tagged by antibodies & destroy them; technically classified as part of innate immune system

Answer 21

natural killer (NK) cells

Question 22

Rank the type of leukocyte from most common to least common

Answer 22

1. Neutrophils (50-70%)
2. Lymphocytes (30%)
3. Monocytes (5%)
4. Eosinophils (3%)
5. Basophils (1%)

Question 23

Main role is to travel to various tissues in the body and then differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells

Answer 23

monocytes

Question 24

phagocytic cells that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, cellular debris, non-cellular foreign substances, etc. and stimulates the action of other immune system cells

garbage disposal cells of the immune system

Answer 24

macrophage

Question 25

A phagocytic immune cell that is found in tissues, such as the skin, and boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells (namely T-cells) of the immune system. They are a a type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) | tend to be found in body parts in contact with external environment

Answer 25

dendritic cells

Question 26

Fight substances related to parasitic infection that have been flagged for destruction by your immune system. Also help promote inflammation

Answer 26

eosinophils

Question 27

Defend your body from allergens, & pathogens. Highly involved with allergic responses, primarily the release of histamie and heparin (anticoagulant) as part of inflammatory responses

Answer 27

basophils

Question 28

play an important role in how the immune system responds to certain bacteria and parasites and they help control other types of immune responses. They contain chemicals such as histamine, heparin, cytokines, and growth factors. ## Footnote they are similar to basophils, but are located specifically in mucous membranes and connective tissues

Answer 28

Mast cells ## Footnote mast cells are phagocytic

Question 29

List all cells that are phagocytes

Answer 29

* neutrophils * monocytes * macrophages * dendritic cells * mast cells

Question 30

made up of a large number of distinct plasma proteins that react with one another to **opsonize** pathogens and induce a series of inflammatory responses that help to fight infection | an *antibody-activated *protein cascade that promotes immune function.

Answer 30

complement system

Question 31

a process by which a pathogen is marked for phagocytosis by being coated with antibodies in order to increase their susceptibility to ingestion by phagocytes.

Answer 31

opsonization

Question 32

any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, which are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells. _Primarily involved with immune response and inflammation_

Answer 32

cytokines

Question 33

What happens to the blood vessels during inflammation, and why?

Answer 33

Vasodilation; this results in increased blood flow, and in tandem with increased permeability results in plasma being able to migrate from the blood into the affected tissue | this allows a large # of immune cells to quickly address the situation ## Footnote also responsible for redness & swelling

Question 34

Name the acronym useful for remembering the signs of acute inflammation:

Answer 34

**S**welling **L**oss of function **I**ncreased heat **P**ain **R**edness | SLIPR

Question 35

Respond to MHC class II by secreting specialized cytokines that recruit other immune cells to mount a reaction

Answer 35

CD4+ helper T cells ## Footnote to remember: the type of T cell corresponds to the MHC class # that multiplies to 8. Therefore CD4 goes with MHC II (4 x 2 = 8)

Question 36

Recognize & destroy cells that present abnormal MHC class I proteins

Answer 36

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells

Question 37

when T cells fail to appropriately respond to MHC class I and II proteins, and are thus eliminated

Answer 37

positive selection ## Footnote the purpose of negative and positive selection is to ensre tht the T cells in the body will reliably respond against only invaders and unhealthy cells

Question 38

when over-reactive T-cells (particularly against self-cells) are eliminated

Answer 38

negative selection ## Footnote the purpose of negative and positive selection is to ensre tht the T cells in the body will reliably respond against only invaders and unhealthy cells

Question 39

T-cell immunity can also be called....

Answer 39

Cell-mediated immunity

Question 40

B-cell immunity can also be called....

Answer 40

humoroal immunity

Question 41

production of the elements of blood (RBCs, WBC, and platelets) | takes place in bone marrow

Answer 41

hematopoiesis | hematopoietic stem cells divide either into lymphoid myeloid stem cells ## Footnote lymphoid stem cells further differentiate into lymphocytes (B, T, and NK cells), while myeloid stem cells differentiate into all other tyoes of blood cells, including other WBCs, RBCs, and megakaryocytes (cells from which platelets are derived)

Question 42

the white pulp of this organ contributes to the immune system. It is rich in lymphocytes, namely B and T cells. It is the site for B-cell activation to further differentiate into plasma cells for antibody production. It controls the level of WBCs, RBCs and platelets

Answer 42

spleen

Question 43

what cells are responsible for blood clots?

Answer 43

Platelets

Question 44

the lymphatic system is a part of what two physiological systems?

Answer 44

Circulatory and immune systems

Question 45

tiny vessels found in the tissues of most organs in your body. They transport and filter lymphatic fluid (lymph) from your body's cells and tissues via lymph vessels. They help to keep consistent blood pressure and volume and prevent fluid buildup.

Answer 45

lymph capillaries

Question 46

A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Collect and filter lymph (at the nodes) as it continues to move toward larger vessels called collecting ducts.

Answer 46

Lymph vessels

Question 47

peripheral swelling (edema) caused by blocked lymphatic vessels

Answer 47

lymphedema

Question 48

Name at least 3 key anatomical structures in the lymphatic system

Answer 48

* thymus * spleen * red bone marrow

Question 49

List and describe the functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 49

* maintenance of fluid balance * transprt of materials from the interstitial space into the bloodstream * lipid transport from the digestive system into the bloodstream * production and maturation of lymphocytes