Immune System

Question 1

innate immunity

Answer 1

• first line of defense
• inflammatory response

Question 2

external immunity

Answer 2

• physical/physiological barriers froms first line of defense
• skin mucous membrane in digestive system
• chemical secretions (lysozyme in tears)
• cilia sweap out pathogens in respiratory system

Question 3

internal immunity

Answer 3

• neutralize any pathogens that enter
• macrophages and neutrophils eat up foreign organisms through phagocytosis

Question 4

inflammation

Answer 4

occurs when blood vessels dilate making capillaries more permeable to allow more blood cells to go to the area –> which is why sometimes is read

Question 5

mast cells

Answer 5

type of leukocyte that causes rally signal
* already present waiting for injury
* injury –> mast cells release histamine –> dilate vessels
* increase in blood flow = vessels more permeable to let immune cells into tissue to fight injury

Question 6

5 sings of inflammation (SLIPR)

Answer 6

• Swelling
• Loss of function
• Increased heat
• Pain
• Redness

Question 7

Movement of Molecules

Answer 7

• diapedesis: cells move from capillaries to tissues to fight pathogens
• chemotaxis: cells move in response to chemical signals (ex: histones)

Question 8

5 types of Leukocytes (WBCs)

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Answer 8

• neutrophils: phagocytosis in innate immmunity, increase in bacterial infections
• lymphocytes: B cells and T cells; natural killer cells
• Macrophages: phagocytosis in innate immunity, increase in fungal or viral infection; act as APC (antigen presenting cells)
• eosinophils: increase in parasitic infections or allergic reactions
• basophils: increase in allergic reactions (can cause histamine release)

from most present to least present

Question 9

dendritic cell

Answer 9

• mature langerhan cells
• scan tissues for pathogens
• act as APC (antigen presenting cells)
• migrate to lymph nodes with antigen to activate adaptive immunity

Question 10

APC

Answer 10

• use TRLS (Toll Like Receptors)= common parts on ALL microbes
• recognize these common parts on pathogens and triggers phagocytosis

Question 11

INFs (Interferons)

Answer 11

• secreted by virally infected cells –> activate dendritic cells

Question 12

adaptive immunity

Answer 12

• specific response targets specific antigens on pathogens

Question 13

MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

part of adaptive immunity

Answer 13

• allow immune system to recognize self vs. intruder
• MHC I: on ALL NUCLEATED CELLS, genetically different for each person (can lead to transplant failure/autoimmune disease)
• MHC II: only on APC (dendrites, macrophages, or B cells)
• body can recognize foregin antigens and foreign MHCs

Question 14

antigen

Answer 14

immunogenic foregin molecule that is targeted

Question 15

B cell/humoral immunity

adaptive immunity

Answer 15

• B lymphocytes mature in bone marrow, make antibodies
• antibodies circulate in blood and recognize an antigen on surface of foregin partices –> can cause agglutination, deactivation/signal cells to eat foregin substance

Question 16

Primary Response –> B cell/humoral immunity

Answer 16

when an antibody sees a matchcing antigen, it will cause B lymphoctye to differentiate into plasma cells (make tons of antibodies) and memory B cells (remember foregin antigen for future

Question 17

secondary response –> B cell/humoral immunity

Answer 17

when the same antigen is seen by the body, memory B cells will start producing antibodies quickly to get rid of it
* memory B cells are key to vaccinations
* useful for foreign organisms

Question 18

IgM

antibody class

Answer 18

• structure: pentamer
• first type of antibody produced after exposure to antigen
• largest antibody
• binds to antigen –> activates complement system

Question 19

IgA

antibody class

Answer 19

• structure: dimer
• found mostly in body secretions
• can provide newborn with passive immunity during breastfeeding
• bind externally to pathogens before they enter circulation

Question 20

IgE

antibody class

Answer 20

• monomer
• produced in allergens
• found on mast cells and basophils, inducing them to release histamine

Question 21

IgD

antibody class

Answer 21

• monomer
• function is not understood

Question 22

IgG

antibody class

Answer 22

• monomer
• found mostly in circulation
• can cross the placenta to provide fetus with passive immunity
• opsonizes bacteria and neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses

Question 23

T cell/cell-mediated immunity

adaptive immunity

Answer 23

• differentiate from B cells = directly on cells instead of sending out antibodies
• t lymphocytes mature in thymus

Question 24

T cells must bind to APC in one of 2 ways

adaptive immmunity –> T cell/cell-mediated immunity

Answer 24

• MHC I presentation: T cells become CD8 T cells (cytotoxic T cells) –> specific and require APC to present antigen; directly kills infected cells by poking holes and degrading enzymes
• MHC II presentation: T cells become CD4 T cells (helper T cells) –> release interleukins to increase immune response; help T and B lymphocytes to differentiate

Question 25

passive immunity

Answer 25

* gained from receiving the antibodies from another organism **examples** * IgG is the only antibody that can cross the placenta, fetus can gain immunity from mother * newborn can gain immunity from breast milk via IgA antibody * fetus/newborn = immuno-naive without own active immunity

Question 26

active immunity

Answer 26

* gained from being infected once previously * vaccination can introduce the antigen/pathogen in deactivated state to stimulate memory B and T cells (artificial immunity)

Question 27

Blood Types

Answer 27

* blood has A and B surface antigens. If your body sees blood cells w/ an antigen not recognized by body, it'll kill it * so people with AB blood type have both antigens, if you put blood into anyone without AB then it'll be destroyed * people with O blood type have no antigens, so you can put their blood into anyone * Rh factor is another type of antigen that can cause problems in pregnancy