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immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

capillaries

A

allow various body systems to exchange mater and energycappillary with internal and external environments.

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2
Q

capillary exchange within respiratory system

A

gas exchanges with the external air brings in 02 and removes co2

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3
Q

capillary exchange within excretory system

A

filtration and removal of wastes and excess fluid from blood

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4
Q

capillary exchange within digestion system(intestine)

A

Absorption of nutreints( carbs, lipids, proteins) from digested food/water

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5
Q

capillary exchange within muscular system and body tissue

A

delivery of nutrients and 02 and removal of wastes and co2

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6
Q

the exchange of materials across capillary wall occurs mostly by

A

osmosis and diffusion

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7
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

The fluid that surrounds body tissue cells and allows exchange with capillaries.

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8
Q

What happens at the arterial end of a capillary?

A

Net fluid movement out of the capillary.

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9
Q

Why does fluid leave the capillary at the arterial end?

A

High blood (hydrostatic) pressure pushes fluid out.

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10
Q

What substances leave the blood at the arterial end?

A

Oxygen (O₂), nutrients (glucose), and water.

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11
Q

What happens at the venous end of a capillary?

A

Net fluid movement into the capillary.

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12
Q

Why does fluid enter the capillary at the venous end?

A

Osmotic pressure pulls fluid back into the blood.

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13
Q

What substances enter the blood at the venous end?

A

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), wastes, and excess fluid.

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14
Q

capillary beds

A

billions of capillaries form extensive networks in tissues

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15
Q

Approximately what percentage of capillaries have blood flowing at one time?

A

5-10%

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16
Q

What controls blood flow through capillary beds?

A

Precapillary sphincters.

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17
Q

What happens when precapillary sphincters relax?

A

Blood flows into the capillary bed.

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18
Q

What happens when precapillary sphincters contract

A

blood flow decreases

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19
Q

thermoregulation

A

control of body temp

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20
Q

increased body temp

A

vasodilation and increased blood flow to the skin, to release excess heat( sweat)

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21
Q

vasodilation

A

increases blood flow by widening arterioles through smooth muscle relaxatio

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22
Q

decreased body temp

A

vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow to the skin to conserve heat(shivering/ goosbumps)

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23
Q

vasoconstriction

A

decreased blood flow to skin to conserve heat

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24
Q

lymphatic system function

A

protects the body against invading pathogens, absorbs fats from digestive system, maintains fluid balance and blood pressure, prevents the build up of fluids in the tissues from capillary exchange

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25
the lymphatic system consists of 4 main components
lymph vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, lymph organs
26
lymph vessels
Lymph vessels are tubes that start in tissues and run alongside blood vessels. picks up fluid left behind in tissues by capillary exchange, absorbs fats from digestive system,
27
lymph fluid
is formed when interstitial fluid is collected by lymph vessel, similar compisition to blood plasma, fat gives a lymph a whitish appearance
28
lymph nodes
traps foreign structures and stores white blood cells that destroy these substances.
29
blood is made up of
plasma, cellulor or formed elements
30
plasma
water containing several solutes including ions, nutrients, wastes, vitamins, hormones.
31
cellular( or formed) elements
includes red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
32
erythrocytes function
involved in oxygen transport and some carbon dioxide transport
33
erythrocytes number
5-6 million per mm3
34
leukocytes function
white blood cells that help the body fight infections and other pathogens.
34
erythrocytes survival
120 days
35
leukocytes number
5k-10k per mm3
36
leukocytes survival
100-300 days
37
platelets function
small blood cells that help your blood clot and stop bleeding when you get a cut.
38
platelets number
250k-400k per mm3
39
platelets survival
5-9 days
40
erythrocytes size
7-8 micrometers
41
erythrocytes structure
aneucleated to make room for hemoglobins, biconcave disk shape to increase surface
42
leukocytes structure
have a nucleus and no fixed shape. Can change shape to move through tissues and fight infections. contains granulated Cytoplasm
43
Leukocytes size
8-15 micrometers.
44
platelets structure
are tiny, irregularly shaped cell fragments of specialized bone marrow cells with no nucleus
45
most of oxygen in the blood is carried by
red blood cells
46
platelets size
2-3 micrometers
47
hemoglobin
is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body and helps bring carbon dioxide back to the lungs.(max 4 oxygen)
48
co2 is transported in what 3 ways
7% plasma, 23% hemoglobin, 70% in the plasma as bicarbonate ions
49
hco3 is carried in the
plasma
50
H binds to
hemoglobin
51
blood clotting
prevents blood loss and invasion of pathogens
52
first step of blood clotting
platelets stick to damaged blood vessel tissue.
53
3rd step of blood clot
released clotting factors are involved in chemical reactions that lead to the formation of a stronger clot
53
2nd step of blood clot
activated platelets form temporary platelets plug
54
4th step of blood clot
a true fibrin clot is formed when insoluble fibrin threads reinforce the platelet plug
55
immnue system
defense system that protects the body from foreign substances.
56
non specific defense
protection from any pathogen, 1st and 2nd line of dense
57
specific defences
targets specific pathogens in specialized ways, 3rd line of dense
58
1st line of defence
external physical barrier that is reinfoced by chemical defenses
59
1st line of defense includes
skin,digestive tract, resp tract, and genitourinary tract
60
2nd lines of defences
internal defenses that act when pathogens get past the first line.
61
inflamation
is the way that the body destroys the cause of an infection and repairs damaged tissues
62
inflamation symptons
parin,redness, heat, swelling
63
Local inflammatory responce 1st step
cells at the infection site release chemical signals that increase diamter and permability of blood vessels
64
Local inflammatory responce 2nd step
migration of phagocytic white blood cells from the blood to the infection site
65
Local inflammatory responce 3rd step
phagocytic white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens and repairs tissue
66
pathogens are digested by
phagocytosis
67
phagocytosis steps
recognition, engulf, vacuole forms, fusion with lysosomes, destroy, waste
68
3rd line of defence
involves specific b and t cells that are able to target specific pathogens
69
2 responces of the 3rd line of defence
antibody mediated immune responce and cell mediated immune responce
70
Antibody-mediated immune response
Uses B cells to produce antibodies that bind to and help destroy pathogens outside cells
71
Cell-mediated immune response:
Uses T cells to directly kill infected or abnormal cells
72
b cells
make antibodies
73
t cells
kill infected cells or help other immune cells
74
2 characteristics between specific immune responce from non specific immune responce
identification and memory
75
specific immune responce
has memory and can identitfy pathogens, b and t cells
76
non specific immune responce
physical barrier that has no memory and can identiify slower.
77
active immunity
When your body makes its own antibodies and memory cells after an infection or vaccination.
78
passive immunity
immunity gained when antibodies are received from another person or animal, rather than made by your own body.
79
immune response 5 steps
Pathogen enters the body. macrophage engulfs and destroy pathogens by phagocytosis macrophages displays the antigens Attack: B cells make antibodies; T cells kill infected cells. activated b and t cells form to protect against future infections.
80
macrophages
large white blood cells that engulf (eat) and digest pathogens
81
cytokines
chemical signals produced by macrophages
82
antigens
any macromolecule that is capable of causing an immune responce
83
helper t cells
: Helper T cells activate B cells to make antibodies.
84
plasma cells
produce antibodies to specififc antigens
85
memory b cells
remember germs to make antibodies
86
memory t cells
remember infected cells to kill them
87
antibodies
proteins made by B cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens to help destroy pathogens.
88
suppressor t cells
that slow down or stop the immune response once a pathogen has been eliminated.
89
agglutination
clumping
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