Immune System Overview

Question 1

Immunology is the branch of biomedicine concerned with (4).

Answer 1

1. the structure and function of the immune system
2. innate and acquired immunity
3. the bodily distinction of self from nonself
4. laboratory techniques involving the interaction of antigens with specific antibodies

Question 2

What are five diverse living agents that replicate in host?

Answer 2

1. Viruses
2. Bacteria
3. Fungi
4. Parasites
5. Preons

Question 3

What are two subdivisions of parasites?

Answer 3

Protozoa and Helminths (worms)

Question 4

What is the immune system “mantra”?

Answer 4

Kill the pathogen, don’t harm the host.

Question 5

What are five defenses that work for the immune system?

Answer 5

1. Physical Barriers (epithelial surgaces)
2. Chemical Barriers
3. Commensal microbiota (gut)
4. Innate immune system
5. Adaptive immune system

Question 6

Two subdivisions of physical barriers, one of which secrets ___. List 3 examples

Answer 6

Skin (less) and Mucous membranes/mucosal epithelia (most), mucus, GI/Respiratory/urogenital

Question 7

List two subdivisions of chemical barriers

Answer 7

1. Antimicrobial enzymes/peptides (lysozyme/defensins digest or lyse bacterial cell wall and cathelicidins/histatins)
2. acid pH in stomach

Question 8

Commensal microbiota compete with ___ for?

Answer 8

pathogens for nutrients and attachment sites

Question 9

Innate immune system is ___

Answer 9

nonspecific

Question 10

Adaptive immune system is ___

Answer 10

specific “cognant antigen”

Question 11

Mucus - ___ fluid, contain ___ which consist of many ___, List 3 functions

Answer 11

viscous, mucins,glycoproteins, 1. prevent attachment of organisms, 2. expulsion of organisms in respiratory tract and GI tract, 3. mucus flow in clearing infection (thick or impaired mucus flow predisposes individual to chronic infection as in cystic fibrosis)

Question 12

pus has ___

Answer 12

neutrophils

Question 13

Innate immune system - Define 1. monocyte/macrophages, 2. Neutrophils, 3. Natural Killer Cells, 4. Dendritic Cells

Answer 13

1. phagocytic, kill, antigen presentation
2. MC, professional killers, phagocytic, everywhere
3. killers
4. phagocytic, come from monocytes, antigen capture in one location and presentation in another (act as a liaison b/w innate and adaptive immune systems)

Question 14

Complement system - ___ produced by the ___, form ___, poke holes in ___

Answer 14

20 protiens, liver, membrane attack complexes, cell membrane

Question 15

Inflammation is?

Answer 15

an innate immune cell response

Question 16

Adaptive immune system - ___ and ___ cells

Answer 16

B and T cells

Question 17

B Cells are ___. which have three major functions that typically lead to?

Answer 17

antibodies, 1. neutralization (block access to cells), 2. Opsonization (bind to pathogen which enables phagocytes to ingest organism), 3. compliment activation,
ingestion by a phagocyte

Question 18

T cells are (3)

Answer 18

1. T helper cells
2. T killer cells
3. Regulatory T cells

Question 19

What is the basis for immunization?

Answer 19

Immunological memory is the most important biological consequence of adaptive immunity

Question 20

inflammation -

1. substances like tumor necrosis factor recruit (3) to the site of infection
2. this influx causes ___ and other physiologic changes known as ___
3. local innate and inflammatory responses are usually beneficial for ___ and ___.
4. if the response is not regulated it can lead to ___ causing ___?

Answer 20

1. fluid, cells, and molecules
2. swelling, inflammation
3. eliminating pathogens, damaged or dead cells and promotion of healing
4. sepsis or septic shock locally or systemically causing tissue damage or even death

Question 21

Cognate Antigen -

1. ___ and ___ are looking for their match to bind to ___
2. Stimulates ___ ?

Answer 21

1. antibodies (B cell receptors) and T cell receptors, their cognate antigen
2. proliferation of T cells and B cells (clonal selection)

Question 22

Antigen Presentation -

1. required by ___ for activation
2. (3) present antigen to T cells
3. What does MHC stand for? How many classes?

Answer 22

1. T cells
2. dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, (neutrophils)
3. Major histocompatibility complex, Class I and II

Question 23

Cytokines -

1. ___ like messengers (proteins) produced by ___, that communicate with other cells and affect the ___.
2. Examples (3)
3. IL - 1 causing ___
4. TNG from ___ causing ___

Answer 23

1. hormone, immune cells (esp T helper cells), immune response
2. interleukins, interferon y (INFy), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
3. a hypothalamic fever response
4. macrophages causing inflammation

Question 24

Major Histocompatibility proteins -

1. responsible for ?
2. function as ___ to display ___
3. Class 1 found on virtually ___, displays what?, What happens?
4. Class II found typically only on ___, displays what?, What happens?

Answer 24

1. tissue rejection in organ transplantation
2. billboards, chopped up peptides
3. all cells of the body, what cells are producing inside, scanned by killer T cells which can kill virus infected cells
4. APC, what has been killed at battle site (external), informs T helper cells about the battle

Question 25

Innate Immune response - 1. ___ response 2. Specific or nonspecific? 3. antigen receptors ___ to recognize common pathogens 4. What are PRRs? 5. sense danger and can activate the ___ 6. integrates ___ 7. determines what? 8. ___ memory

Answer 25

1. fast (immediate, minutes to hours) 2. non specific 3. precisely tuned 4. pattern recognition receptors 5. adaptive immune response (gives permission to adaptive system to activate) 6. info collected about invader 7. weapons to be used (B cells vs T cells) 8. hard wired

Question 26

Adaptive immune response - 1. ___ response 2. specific or non specific? 3. antigen receptors ___ looking for cognate antigen 4. ___ memory

Answer 26

1. slow (days) 2. specific 3. unfocused 4. individualized plastic

Question 27

Cells of the immune system - List 2

Answer 27

Myeloid lineage and lymphoid linage

Question 28

Myeloid Lineage - 1. Contain what two subtypes? 2. Granulocytes - What are the four types?, Which is the MC of circulating WBCs? 3. Myeloid Antigen- presenting cells - What is the one type? Which gives rise to (2)

Answer 28

1. Granulocytes and myeloid antigen-presenting cells 2. Neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, Neutrophils 3. Monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 29

Lymphoid Linage - 1. % of circulating WBCs 2. what are the 3 subtypes? 3. B Cells are ___ 4. T cells are ___,three subtypes?, What is special about regulatory? 5. NK cells are ___ 6. What does CD mean? 7. What is FH?

Answer 29

1. 20-40% 2. B, T, and NK cells 3. adaptive 4. adaptive, Helper (CD 4), killer (CD 8), and regulatory (CD4), inducible (transforms into tissue), natural (natural from thymus) 5. innate 6. cluster of differentiation (characteristic surface proteins) 7. follicular helper