Innate Immune System

Question 1

Innate Immune System -

1. existing from ___
2. ___ present
3. ___ phase of the immune response

Answer 1

1. birth (inborn)
2. naturally
3. first

Question 2

PRRs -

1. Stands for ?
2. What are they?
3. ___ number of receptors
4. examples (4)

Answer 2

1. Pattern recognition receptors
2. receptors of the innate immune system that recognize common molecular patters on pathogen surface
3. limited
4. toll like receptors, LPS (CD14), scavenger receptor, glucan receptor

Question 3

PAMPs -

1. stands for?
2. molecules specifically associated with groups of ____ (not shared by ___) that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system

Answer 3

1. pathogen associated molecular patterns

2. pathogens, host cells

Question 4

The innate immune system is comprised of what four important factors?

Answer 4

1. complement proteins
2. professional phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils)
3. natural killer cells
4. dendritic cells (also associated with adaptive immune response

Question 5

Complement System -

1. “____”, mark ___ to get eaten by phagocytes (___)
2. act as ____ to attract phagocytes
3. make ___, ____ cell membrane
4. complements the ___ of antibodies
5. targets pathogen for both (2) by ___ such as (2) ?

Answer 5

1. poor mans antibodies, bad guys, opsonization
2. chemical signals
3. membrane attach complexes (MACs), lyse bacterial
4. activities
5. lysis and phagocytosis, effector cells such as macrophages and neutrophils

Question 6

Complement System -

1. roughly # proteins
2. ___ is the primary source that makes the proteins, ___ can also make several complement proteins (list the four)
3. proteins highly concentrated in (2)
4. Require activation through what three pathways? which is antibody dependent?

Answer 6

1. 20
2. liver, activated macrophages, C1, C3, factor B and D
3. blood and tissues
4. alternative, lectin, and classical (antibody dependent)

Question 7

Main functions of compliment proteins -

1. list three
2. Opsonization ( ____ antibodies): explain
3. enhances bactericidal actions of phagocytes: explain
4. kills pathogens (___ antibodies): explain

Answer 7

1. opsoniazation, enhances bactericidal actions of phagocytes, kills pathogens
2. like, coats pathogen surface enabling phagocytes to engulf and destroy pathogen
3. “compliments” the activities of antibodies
4. pokes holes in cells by forming membrane attack complexes (MACs)

Question 8

Alternate Pathway -

1. ___ is showering the body with the production of ___
2. certain complement proteins ____ and attach to surfaces
3. ___ are NOT needed
4. this type of activation of the complement system is an ?

Answer 8

1. liver, complement proteins
2. “spontaneously” activate
3. antibodies
4. “alternative” to using antibodies

Question 9

Alternate Pathway -

1. __ floats around, but will spontaneously split into # parts
2. list them
3. C3b with either (2)
4. C3b binds to either (2) groups which are very common
5. The default option in this system is ___: any surface not protected against binding by complement fragments will be targeted for destruction

Answer 9

1. C3,2
2. C3a and C3b
3. get neutralized by water within 60 microseconds OR bind to a bad guy’s (bacteria) surface
4. amino or hydroxyl
5. death

Question 10

Alternative Pathway -

1. the most abundant complement protein ___ is constantly being divided into ___

Answer 10

1. C3, C3a and C3b

Question 11

Alternate Pathway -

1. another complement protein ___ attaches to ___
2. C3 becomes ___
3. another complement protein __ comes along and changes C3Bb to ___, which does what?
4. __ + ___ = ___
5. ____ can split more C3 and C5

Answer 11

1. B, C3b
2. C3Bb
3. D, C3bBb, acts as a buzz saw, splitting both C3 and C5
4. C3Bb + D = C3bBb
5. C3bBb (convertase)

Question 12

Alternate Pathway -

1. ___ causes ___ to split
2. this results in more ___ coat the invader

Answer 12

1. C3bBb, other C3 complement proteins

2. C3bBb complement proteins to

Question 13

Alternate Pathway -

1. C3bBb interacts with ___
2. ___ activates it by splitting it into __ and __
3. The new ___ with combine with other complement proteins (4)
4. The result is a ____
5. What to those do?

Answer 13

1. C5
2. convertase, C5a and C5b
3. C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
4. Membrane attack complex (MAC)
5. they drill a hole in the bacteria’s membrane = dead bacteria

Question 14

Chemoattractants -

1. consist of (2)
2. attract and activate (2)

Answer 14

1. C3a and C5a

2. macrophages and neutrophils

Question 15

Human Protection -

1. What are the three protections proteins?

Answer 15

1. MCP
2. Protein DAF
3. Protectin

Question 16

Protection Proteins - MCP

1. Stands for?
2. code
3. present on ___ cells
4. what does it do?

Answer 16

1. membrane cofactor of proteolysis
2. CD 46
3. human
4. cleves both C3b and C4b into an inactive form

Question 17

Protection Proteins - Protein DAF

1. Stands for?
2. on the surface of ___
3. what does it do?

Answer 17

1. decay accelerating factor
2. our cells
3. accelerates the destruction of convertase (C3bBb)

Question 18

Protection Proteins - Protectin

1. code
2. a ___ protein
3. what does it do?

Answer 18

1. CD59
2. cell surface
3. removes MACs before they drill holes

Question 19

Lectin Activation Pathway -

1. What is MBL?
2. produced primarily in the ___
3. present in moderate amounts in (2)
4. Lectin is a protein that attaches to ____
5. MBL binds to ___
6. MBL activates the ___ by binding ___ which clips C3 to make ___
7. Mannose is a ___ found ___, list 4 examples
8. Not found in ____

Answer 19

1. Mannose-binding lectin protein
2. liver
3. blood and tissues
4. a carbohydrate molecule
5. mannose
6. complement system, MASP (MBL associated serine protein), C3b
7. monosaccharide, on the surface of many pathogens, yeast, viruses, bacteria, parasites
8. in human cells

Question 20

Classical Pathway -

1. ___ dependent
2. When an antibody binds to a bacterial surface its ___ provides a platform to activate ___
3. once antibodies are produced compliment activation is substantially ___
4. both compliment and antibodies do what?

Answer 20

1. antibody
2. Fc region (tail), C1 (the first protein of the compliment system
3. increased
4. coat pathogen surface and enables phagocytes to engulf and destroy bacteria phagocytes might otherwise not recognize

Question 21

Professional Phagocytes -

1. What are the two main functions of sentinel phagocytes?
2. What does the induction of inflammatory response do?
3. What are the two most important professional phagocytes?
4. Macrophages roam around in ___
5. neutrophils roam around in ___

Answer 21

1. engulf and digest invading microorganisms, induction of inflammatory response
2. recruits new phagocytic cells and circulating effector molecules to site of infection
3. macrophages and neutrophils
4. tissue
5. blood

Question 22

Macrophages -

1. found all over the place including (3)
2. What are the three states of readiness?

Answer 22

1. under the skin, lungs, and intestines

2. resting, activated or primed, and hyperactive

Question 23

Resting Macrophage -

1. casually ___
2. ___ proliferating
3. express very few ___
4. live for ___ in ___
5. monocytes circulate in ___, exit and differentiate in ___ to macrophages
6. give rise to ____

Answer 23

1. eating or snacking
2. slowly
3. Class II MHCs
4. months, tissue
5. blood, tissues
6. dendritic cells

Question 24

Primed Macrophage -

1. converts from resting to primed after receiving ___
2. eat ___
3. express __ Class II MHCs, function much more as ___, work much more with ___
4. ___ can prime a macrophage, example
5. can produce ___ (3)

Answer 24

1. a signal that there are bad guys in the area
2. much more (bigger bites)
3. more, antigen presenting cell, helper T cells
4. many chemical signals, interferon gamma (IFN-y)
5. C3, factor B, factor D

Question 25

Hyperactive macrophage - 1. converts from primed to hyperactive after receiving a ___ from a bad guy, list two examples 2. stops ___ 3. focuses all its attention on ___ 4. grows ___ 5. increases ___ 6. emits ___

Answer 25

1. direct signal, LPS and mannose from a bacterial cell wall 2. proliferating 3. killing 4. larger (big enough to eat whole cells) 5. rate of eating 6. cytokines (TNF)

Question 26

Hyperactive Macrophage - 1. increased number of ___ 2. increased production of ___ 3. besides eating bad guys the hyperactive macrophage can ?

Answer 26

1. lysosomes 2. ROS (reactive oxygen species) 3. dump its toxic contents on the bigger bad guys (multicellular parasites)

Question 27

Macrophages - 1. ___ while resting 2. ___ when activated 3. ___ when hyperactivated

Answer 27

1. garbage collector 2. antigen presenting cell and killer 3. vicious killer

Question 28

Neutrophils - 1. MC content in the ___ 2. ___ lived 3. recently has been shown to present antigen in both (2) 4. can exit blood and become activated in about ___ 5. list three characteristics of neutrophils

Answer 28

1. blood 2. short (5 days) 3. mice and humans 4. 30 minutes 5. incredible eaters, emit harsh chemistry, and send out powerful signal molecules (TNF)

Question 29

Neutrophils - 1. travel ___ through the blood 2. ___ in this state 3. must receive some sort of signal that bad guys are present, in must then do what? 4. ___ strategy for leaving the blood

Answer 29

1. rapidly 2. inactive 3. slow down and exit the blood 4. roll, stop, exit

Question 30

Adhesion molecules - | 1. List four

Answer 30

1. SEL 2. SLIG 3. ICAM 4. INT

Question 31

Adhesion Molecules - SEL 1. stands for 2. expressed by ___ that line blood vessels after receiving alarm signals 3. binds to ___

Answer 31

1. selectin 2. endothelial cells 3. selectin ligand

Question 32

Adhesion Molecules - SLIG 1. stands for 2. expressed on the ___

Answer 32

1. selectin ligand | 2. surface of neutrophils

Question 33

Adhesion Molecules - ICAM 1. stands for 2. always expressed on lumen surface of ___

Answer 33

1. intercellular adhesion molecule | 2. capillary endothelial cells

Question 34

Adhesion Molecules - INT 1. stands for 2. __ and ___ transported to the surface of the ___ after being signaled 3. strongly binds to ___

Answer 34

1. integrin 2. pre-made and rapidly, neutrophil 3. ICAM

Question 35

Adhesion Molecules - | 1. __ and ___ are NOT a match

Answer 35

1. SLIG and ICAM

Question 36

Neutrophils - 1. ___ help 2. when macrophages are primed or hyperactivated they express ___, which does what? 3. Capillary endothelial cells express ___, stimulated by (2) and takes about ___ 4. Neutrophil slows enough to sense ___, ___ on capillaries binds to ___ on the neutrophil

Answer 36

1. macrophages 2. signal molecules (IL-1 and TNF), lets the neutrophil know a bad guy is present, causes a sequence of events to allow the neutrophil to exit the blood 3. selectin (SEL), IL-1 and TNF, 6hrs 4. inflammation, SEL, SLIG

Question 37

Neutrophils - 1. transports ___ to its surface 2. speed? 3. integrin binds to ___ and then does what? 4. neutrophils exit the blood and enter the tissue, attracted by ? 5. all bacterial proteins begin with a special initiator AA called ___. Less than .1% of all human proteins contain this AA. As they ingest bacteria, macrophages burp up f-met peptides.

Answer 37

1. integrin ING 2. very fast (already made and stored) 3. ICAM, stops 4. the chemistry of the area (C5a and bacterial fragments) 5. formyl methionine (f-met)

Question 38

Failsafe - 1. ___ is on the endothelial capillary cells all the time 2. ___ is on the neutrophil all the time 3. must have ___ expressed before neutrophils invade 4. must have ___ released before neutrophils invade

Answer 38

1. ICAM 2. SLIG 3. SEL 4. INT

Question 39

Neutrophils - 1. about 20 billion neutrophils in the ___ 2. may present ____ 3. can exit blood and become activated in about ___ 4. list the three important characteristics

Answer 39

1. blood 2. antigens (cross presentation) 3. 30 minutes 4. incredible eaters, emit harsh chemistry, send out powerful signal molecules (TNF)

Question 40

Natural Killer Cells - 1. ___ (with T and B cells) 2. ___ lived 3. most found in (3) 4. ___ strategy for leaving the blood 5. ___ rapidly 6. Can produce ___ early in an immune response which can stimulate ___

Answer 40

1. lymphocytes 2. short (one week) 3. blood, or liver and spleen 4. roll, stop, exit 5. proliferate 6. IFN y, macrophages

Question 41

NK cells - 1. able to kill certain ___ in vitro without need for specific immunization 2. early component of ____ 3. Can recognize and kill (3) cells 4. What are the two roles of NK cells?

Answer 41

1. tumor cell 2. host response to viral infection (peak 2-3 days) 3. virus infected, altered, or stressed cells 4. Produces cytokines (like T helper cells), and force infected or cancerous cells to commit suicide (can kill like CTLs) (inject granzyme B or FAS ligand binds with FAS protein)

Question 42

NK Cells - Perforin/Granzyme B 1. perforin does what? 2. they inject ___ that cause the cell to die (apoptosis)

Answer 42

1. pokes a hole in the membrane | 2. enzymes (Granzyme B)

Question 43

NK Cells - Fas ligand 1. fas ligand on ___ binds to fas protein on ___ 2. interaction triggers ___ 3. Fas is a ___ protein in the ___ family

Answer 43

1. NK cells, invader 2. suicide (apoptosis) 3. transmembrane, TNF

Question 44

NK Cells - 1. ___ is cleaner than ___ 2. Necrosis has the cells contents spilling all over the place and increasing ___ 3. apoptosis has the cells contents ___ 4. ___ clean these up

Answer 44

1. apoptosis, necrosis 2. inflammation 3. wrapped up in membrane bound vesicles 4. macrophages

Question 45

NK Cells - 1. MHC I receptors: ___ signal, recognize ____ 2. activating receptors (____), bind to (2) on the cell's surface, ___ signal, recognize molecules being produced by ___, also kill cells not expressing ___ 3. IgG3 receptors: bind ___ of ___, Ab forms a bridge b/w (2), causes? 4. NK cells do NOT have ___

Answer 45

1. don't kill, normal molecules being produced in your cells 2. PRRs, unusual carbohydrate or protein, Kill, virus or cancerous cell, MHC molecules 3. Fc region, IgG, target and NK cell, NK cell to kill target (antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity) 4. T cell receptors

Question 46

NK Cells - 1. Activation: resting = ____, activated = ____ 2. Signals that activate NK cells (6) 3. interferons are usually given off by ?

Answer 46

1. make some cytokines and can kill, make many more cytokines and more effective killers (IFNy prime macrophages, IL-2 is a GF that causes NK cell to proliferate when expressing IL-2 receptors) 2. Lack of MHCs, LPS (component of bacterial cell walls, can also stim macrophages), IFNa, IFNb, TNF from hyperactivated macrophages upregulates NK cell IL-2 receptors, IL-12 from primed or hyperactivated macrophages 3. by cells under viral attack

Question 47

Innate Immune System - 1. Composed of (3) 2. List three professional phagocytes 3. what are dendritic cells

Answer 47

1. Complement proteins, professional phagocytes, and NK cells 2. neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells 3. liaison b/w innate and adaptive immune system