0
Q
Immune System Function
A
- Protect Body from foreign antigens
- Identify and destroy harmful cells
- Remove Cellular Debris
1
Q
Human Body is Constantly Threatened By
A
- Foreign substances
- Infectious agents
- Abnormal cells
2
Q
Antigens
A
- Foreign substances that trigger the immune response
3
Q
Immunity
A
- Natural of induced response to infection and the conditions associated with its response
6
Q
Immunocompetent
A
- Body has the ability to recognize antigens and effectively destroy or remove them
7
Q
Immunodeficiency
A
- Can develop when the immune system is incompetent or unable to respond effectively
EX: AIDS
-
9
Q
Normal Immune System Presentation
A
Complex Network that:
- Defends and protects the body from INFECTION
- Removes and destroys damaged or dead cells (Phagocytosis)
- ID’s and destroys malignant cells
10
Q
Immune System Activation
A
- External agents (Microorganisms)
- Minor Injuries (Small cuts or bruises)
- Major Injuries ( Burns, surgeries, systemic diseases-pneumonia)
11
Q
AutoImmune Reaction
A
- Body loses the ability to recognize and begins to attack its own tissues
12
Q
Immune Response
-Specific Response
A
- Activated when the inflammatory process is unable to destroy invading organisms or toxins
13
Q
Components of Immune System
-Leukocytes
A
- PRIMARY cells involved in both nonspecific and specific immune responses
- Use the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM to transport themselves to the cite of infection or injury (Can move through tissue spaces)
- Detect, attack & destroy anything that is recognized as FOREIGN
14
Q
Leukocytes
-Normal number
A
- 4,500 - 10,000 cells per cubic mm of blood
15
Q
Leukocytosis
A
- In the presence of an infection, WBC’s are released from bone marrow into the blood
- Leads to WBC count greater than 10,000 cubic millimeters
16
Q
Leukopenia
A
- Occurs when bone marrow activity is suppressed or when leukocyte destruction increases
17
Q
Types of Leukocytes
A
- Granulocytes
- Antigen-Presenting Cells
- Lymphocytes
18
Q
Types of Leukocytes
-Granulocytes
A
Constitute 60-80% of total # of leukocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
19
Q
Types of Granulocytes
-Neutrophils
A
- Most plentiful of the granulocytes
- 55-70% of the total number of circulating leukocytes
- PHAGOCYTIC CELLS (Eat bacteria & small particles)
- 1st to arrive on the scene.
20
Q
Neutrophils
-Bands & Segments
A
- Segments are mature
- Bands are immature
- Bands DO NOT replicate
21
Q
Types of Granulocytes
-Eosinophils
A
- Phagocytic cells (less effective than neutrophils at eating)
- Large # found in respiratory tract & GI tract
- Involved in HYPERSENSITIVITY RESPONSE
22
Q
Types of Granulocytes
-Basophils
A
- NOT PHAGOCYTIC
2. Released into bloodstream during STRESS
23
Q
Types of Leukocytes
-Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC’s)
A
- Activate Immune Response in both B & T lymphocytes
- MEDIATORS OF IMMUNITY ** - Actively Phagocytic
- Three types
- Monocytes, Macrophages & Dendritic Cells
24
Q
Types of APC’s
-Monocytes
A
- Activate Immune response in B & T lymphocytes against CHRONIC INFECTIONS
- EX: TB, Viral and parasitic infections
25
Q
Types of APC’s
-Macrophages
A
- Monocytes mature into macrophages, which are differentiated by the tissues in which they reside
- Histocytes, Kupffer cells, Alveolar macrophages & Microglia
- Activate immune response against CHRONIC INFECTIONS
- Encapsalate and trap things that cannot be Removed from the body **
26
Q
Macrophages
-Histocytes
A
- tissue macrophages in loose connective tissue
27
Macrophages
| -Kupffer Cells
1. Found in the liver
28
Macrophages
| -Alveolar Macrophages
1. In the lungs
29
Macrophages
| -Microglia
1. Macrophages in the brain
30
Types of APC's
| -Dendritic Cells
1. Capture antigens and migrate to lymphoid tissue
31
Types of Leukocytes
| -Lymphocytes
1. Principal effector and regulator cells of "SPECIFIC" immune responses (surveillance cells)
2. Three types:
- T Lymphocytes
- B Lymphocytes
- Natural Killer Cells
32
Types of Lymphocytes
| -T Lymphocytes
1. Mature in thymus
2. On contact with APC they mature into:
- Helper T-Cells (Help Immunity)
- Cytotoxic T-Cells (Kills Cancer)
- Memory T-Cells
33
Types of Lymphocytes
| -B Cells
1. Activated and mature into:
- Plasma Cells (Secrete antibodies)
- Memory Cells
34
Types of Lymphocytes
| -Natural Killer Cells
1. Immune surveillance & resistance to infection
2. Destrution of early malignant cells
3. Cytotoxic but DO NOT require connection to APC's
35
Antigen Characteristics
| -Immunogenicity
1. Ability to stimulate a specific immune response
36
Types of Lymphocytes
| -Specific Reactivity
1. Ability to stimulate specific immune system components
37
Primary Immune Response
| -How Long Does it Take?
1. 3 days for primary immune response to occur
38
Secondary immune Response
| -How Long does it Take?
1. Secondary immune response w/in 24 hours
39
Classes of Antibodies (Immunoglobins)
| -IGG
1. Provides early immunity for a newborn
2. Secondary exposure to foreign antigens
3. Anti-viral & Antibacterial activity
4. Longest and strongest response
40
Classes of Antibodies (Immunoglobins)
| - IgA
1. Found in secretions
2. Protects mucous membranes from invading organims
3. Does not pass placental barrier
4. IgA deficiency makes one prone to autoimmune disease
41
Classes of Antibodies (Immunoglobins)
| - IgM **TEST**
1. Primary Immunity
2. Produced 48-72 hrs after antigen enters body
3. If IgM is rising during blood test, it shows an ACUTE INFECTION
4. Fights against rheumatoid factors
42
Classes of Antibodies (Immunoglobins)
| - IgE
1. Increase during allergic reaction and anaphylaxis
43
Importance of Understanding Immune System
1. You have to understand the process to EDUCATE patients and their families about it
45
Hypersensitive Immune Response
1. Over-reaction of the immune system to an antigen
51
Immune Response
| -Non-Specific
1. Prevent or limit the entry of invaders into the body
2. Limit extent of tissue damage & reduce Immune system Workload
3. EX: Inflammation
52
Cytotoxic T-Cells
| -Important Action
1. Attack MALIGNANT CELLS (cancer cells)
| 2. Responsible for TRANSPLANT REJECTION
53
Lymphoid System
| -Purpose
1. Protect bloodstream from invading organisms
| 2. Recover proteins for vascular system
54
Lymphoid System
| -Lymph Nodes
1. Filter foreign products or antigens from the lymph
| 2. House and support proliferation of lymphocytes and macrophages
55
Lymphoid System
| -Spleen
1. Largest lymphoid organ in the body
2. Only lymph organ that can FILTER BLOOD
3. Red Pulp filters blood // White pulp is surveillance
4. Spleen is not needed for life to continue
- Liver and bone marrow assume function
56
Immunizations
| -Active Immunity
1. Immunity in which antibody production is stimulated w/out causing clinical disease)
2. Antigen is given in the form of a vaccine
57
NORMAL Immune Function Changes w/ Aging
1. Decrease in immune response
2. Lowered resistance to infections
3. Poor response to immunizations
4. Autoantibodies more common
58
Caring Interventions for Immunity
1. EDUCATION
- Nutrition
- Exercise
- Sleep
- Stress reduction
59
Goal of Pharmacologic Therapy in Immunity
1. Restore Immune Function
60
Immunity Pharmacology
| -Mild manifestations
1. Supportive Treatment
- NSAIDS
- Low-dose corticosteroids
61
Immunity Pharmacology
| -Prevention and Prompt Treatment of Infection
1. Antibiotic Therapy
2. Prophylaxis
3. Immunizations
4. IV immunoglobulin to provide protection
62
Immunity Pharmacology
| -Complimentary Therapies
1. Acupuncture
| 2. Massage
Nursing IV: Test 3
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