Immunity

Question 1

What are the 2 parts of immunity?

Answer 1

• Innate
• Adaptive/Acquired

Question 2

What is innate immunity?

Answer 2

Immunity present at birth and is a rapid response

Question 3

What is adaptive/acquired immunity?

Answer 3

Immunity an individual develops through exposure to pathogens and is a slower response

Question 4

What does the innate immune system include?

Answer 4

• Barriers
• Phagocytic leucocytes
• Plasma proteins

Question 5

What physical barriers include?

Answer 5

• Skin
• Mucous membranes
• Hair
• Coughing, sneezing and urination

Question 6

How is skin a physical barrier?

Answer 6

• Largest organ which protects if unbroken
• Has sebaceous glands which control pH of the skin to slow bacterial growth
• Has sweat glands that have lysozymes with antibacterial properties

Question 7

How is hair a physical barrier?

Answer 7

• Acts as a barrier to skin
• Has cilia in respiratory system, which trap bacteria

Question 8

How is coughing, sneezing and urination a physical barrier?

Answer 8

• Physical removal of foreign material
• Have chemical barriers

Question 9

Name chemical barriers

Answer 9

• Sweat
• Sebaceous glands
• Tears
• Saliva
• Stomach acids
• Bile
• Ear wax
• Mucous
• Urine
• Semen
• Vaginal secretions

Question 10

Name a biological barrier

Answer 10

Commensal bacteria on the skin and gut; this can be interfered by antibiotics

Question 11

Name the different white blood cells

Answer 11

• Neutrophil
• Eosinophil
• Basophil
• Monocyte
• Lymphocyte

Question 12

What are granulocytes and which white blood cells are they?

Answer 12

• Neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil
• White blood cells that contain granules and chemicals that destroy invading pathogens and infected cells.

Question 13

What are neutrophils?

Answer 13

Frontline cells that kill bacteria that degranulate releasing chemicals

Question 14

What is eosinophils?

Answer 14

Cytotoxic cells primarily involved destroying parasitic infections and allergies; have bright red granules

Question 15

What is a basophil?

Answer 15

Involved in destroying parasitic infections; have darker staining granules

Question 16

What are agranulocytes and whcih white blood cells are these?

Answer 16

• Monocyte and lymphocyte
• White blood cells that contain no granules

Question 17

What are monocytes

Answer 17

Cells that mature into macrophages and dendritic cells responsible for phagocytosis, antigen presentation and cytokine production

Question 18

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 18

Natural killer cells in the innate immunity, which destroy cells infected by viruses by producing interferon

Question 19

What are mast cells?

Answer 19

A cell that contains granules of histamine and heparin, which creates an inflammatory response when encountered in an antigen

Question 20

What is a dendritic cell?

Answer 20

Cells found in tissue that detect pathogens and move to lymph nodes to mature and activate T lymphocytes

Question 21

What are interferons?

Answer 21

Cytokines that interfere viral replication

Question 22

What are the two types of adaptive/acquired immunity?

Answer 22

• Humoral immunity
• Cell-mediated immunity

Question 23

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 23

Antibody production with B lymphocytes

Question 24

What is cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 24

Immunity involving T lymphocytes

Question 25

Describe phagocytosis

Answer 25

A phagocyte engulfs bacteria and hydrolyses it using lysozymes and then presents the pathogen's antigens, which are complementary to the receptor of a helper T cells, which then becomes activated.

Question 26

What are antibodies?

Answer 26

Protein molecules which bind to antigens, which are produced by B lymphocytes

Question 27

What is IgG?

Answer 27

Antibody mostly in blood, lymph and is able to cross the placenta

Question 28

What is IgA?

Answer 28

Antibody found in tears, milk, blood and lymph

Question 29

What is IgM?

Answer 29

First antibody to be secreted and is found in the blood and lymph and is unable to cross the placenta

Question 30

What is IgD?

Answer 30

An antibody found in the blood, lymph, and on B cells

Question 31

What is IgE?

Answer 31

Found on mast cells, basophils and are involved in allergic reactions

Question 32

What are B lymphocytes?

Answer 32

B cells produced in bone marrow, which are activated by a T helper cell so they can differentiate into plasma cells and B memory cells.

Question 33

What are plasma cells?

Answer 33

Cells produced by B lymphocytes and produce antibodies, which neutralise the pathogen's antigens.

Question 34

What are T helper cells?

Answer 34

Activate B cells to produce antibodies

Question 35

What are cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 35

Cells that destroy viruses or tumour cells