SNS
- the Sweat glands are controlled by the SNS but have an M3 receptor
- this is the only exception to the SNS
Sertonin Syndrome Treatment
Cyproheptadine
Vaginal pH
Low pH
- physiologic discharge
- candida
High pH
- bacterial vaginosis
- Trichomonas
Thyroid Hormone production
- Iodine is taken into the follicular cell with the help of the Na+ gradient
- it is then oxidized by TPO = organification
- followed by iodination of the thyroglobulin molecule = by the Union of tyrosine
- MIT and DIT are coupled = condensation —> to make T4>T3
- T4 and T3 are remain within the lumen of the follicle bound to the thyroglobulin until it is released
- the release occurs proteolytically from the follicle
In the peripheral tissues T4 is converted to T3
Innervation to vocal Cords
- the recurrent laryngeal innervated all vocal cords and is sensory for all vocal cords except for the cricothyroid. Sensory below the vocal folds
- innervation for the cricothyroid comes from the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve which runs proximally to the superior thyroid artery and vein which are very susceptible to damage by surgery
- the internal superior laryngeal branch provides sensory above the vocal folds
Failure of migration of thyroid
- causes lingual thyroid which has no C cells because there would be no fusion with parafollicular C cells due to failure of migration
What anti-lipid drug can cause hypertriglyceridemia when used alone?
Cholestyramine
Ashkenazi Jewish Population
Tay Sachs, Gaucher, Bloom syndrome are common
- Gaucher is most common
ACTH on Adrenal Gland
If excessive will cause bilateral hyperplasia of the zona fasiculata and reticular resulting in excessive cortisol production
Familial Retinoblastoma
- eye issue and increased risk of osteosarcoma
The optimal site for femoral nerve block
In the inguinal crease at the lateral border of the femoral artery
Ischial spine = pudendal nerve block
Femoral ring = upper opening of the femoral canal that contains lymphatic vessels and a lymph node. The femoral nerve is not in the femoral sheath
Agents used for Urge Incontinence
- Oxybutynin
- Tolterodine
- Darifenicin
- Solifenacin
- Trospium
MSK
Tennis players = lateral epicondylitis
Golfers = medial epicondylitis
Prostate Drugs
Finasteride = for BPH, prostate cancer, and early male pattern baldness
Flutamide = treatment of prostate cancer in males
Methanol intoxication
- metabolized to formaldehyde
- can cause blindness and retinal damage and metabolic disease
Substances Removed by Zero order elimination
Phenytoin
Ethanol
Aspirin
(PEA)
Drugs that shouldn’t be given to Sulfa allergic patients
- celecoxib
- loop diuretics = furosemide
- Thiazide diuretics
- Acetazolamide
- Probenecid
- TMP-SMX
- Sulfonylureas
- Sulfasalazine
Deficiency in pryuvate dehydrogenase
Neurological Defects
- Deficiency in Pyruvate Kinase = RBC hemolysis
