Infections Flashcards

Question

what is neurosyphilis?

Answer 1

- Result in wasting of back of spinal cord. - Results in weakness or loss of sensation - Can called slurred speech - Memory loss - Difficulty coordinating - Paralysis

Answer 2

placenta or birth canal

Answer 3

- Still born - IUD - Maculopapular rashes in palms of hand or feet - Snuffles - blocked nose - Organ damaged to liver and spleen - Damaged to eyes (first 2 years)

Answer 4

(>2 years) - Saddle nose - bony disstructure of the nose - Saber - tibia is bent - Hutchinson teeth - teeth developed little notches - Hearing loss

Answer 5

Syphilis is the last of the infectious diseases universally screened at booking because we know that 70-100% of babies will be infected if the woman has untreated primary syphilis and one third of these babies will die in utero.

Answer 6

A positive result at booking does not necessarily means that she has an active syphilis infection because this tests are non-specific for syphilis (non-treponemal). The positive result needs to be confirmed with a treponemal test, a specific test that looks directly into the presence of T.pallidum in blood.

Answer 7

Syphilis is treated with the administration of antibiotics, mainly penicillin IM.

Answer 8

After treatment, pregnancy can be then managed as low risk. Birth can still happen in a midwifery unit, as long as is co-located in a hospital with access to paediatric care. After birth, the baby will need paediatric review to screen for signs of congenital syphilis.

Answer 9

- Miscarriage and stillbirth - Preterm birth - Polyhydramnios - Hydrops Congenital syphilis

Answer 10

- Universal screening at booking - Under multidisplainary team - Penicillin IM - Paediatric review

Answer 11

gram positive bacteria that is capable of growing in a wide range of temperatures, including refrigeration ones. It is found in the environment, in soil, vegetation and faeces of many animals and birds. When food is contaminated, the only way of avoiding getting infected is by cooking food thoroughly and pasteurization of milk-derived products. T

Answer 12

- Soft cheese (brie, camembert, goat, chèvre) - Blue cheese (danish blue, gorgonzola, Roquefort) - Smoked salmon - Cooked sliced meat - Prepacked sandwiches Unpasteurized milk

Answer 13

Symptoms are unspecific and women may experience them up to 90 days after the initial infection: flu, gastroenteritis, muscle aches and pains and fever. In rare cases, the infection becomes severe and may need hospital admission in intensive care.

Answer 14

The only way to confirm this infection is from blood and urine cultures at time of symptoms. If past infection is suspected in the baby, amniocentesis may be required.

Answer 15

the placenta

Answer 16

Fetal and neonatal infection causes meningitis or sepsis, with a 50-100% mortality. It can also cause miscarriage, stillbirth, chorioamnionitis and pre-term birth.

Answer 17

Care in pregnancy involves routine universal food safety advice, including cleaning of preparation areas and hand washing. Once the mother is infected, she will be given broad spectrum antibiotics and treatment of the symptoms.

Answer 18

This parasite is found in animals and birds but it is the cat which acts as a host and passes it out in its faeces for several weeks after it has become infected. This is the typical example of toxoplasmosis infection: when a woman emptying the litter tray or doing some gardening, may have got in contact with cat faeces. toxoplasmosis by eating undercooked, raw or cured meat or unwashed raw vegetables. Any other food that has been in contact with contaminated knives, chopping boards or cooking utensils can potentially be contaminated too.

Answer 19

they are mild flulike unspecific symptoms that can last 4-6 weeks. or none at all

Answer 20

If the infection happens in early pregnancy, the chances of the baby to be affected are small, but if they are affected, the consequences will be more severe, including miscarriage and ophthalmic and cranial birth defects. However, the only way of confirming fetal infection is through amniocentesis and this is only accurate after 20 weeks.

Answer 21

Chickenpox is a viral infection caused by varicella zoster virus, that cause varicella in children and shingles, when the dormant virus is reactivated in adults. By respiratory droplets in contact with vesicle fluid. Most women in the UK have been exposed to the virus in childhood and are immune.

Answer 22

Chickenpox usually starts with itchy red sports that can appear anywhere on the body. This spots fill with fluid and become blisters. The fluid in those blisters is highly contagious. Eventually, the blisters scab over. It is common to have fever and flu-like symptoms. Chickenpox is infectious from 2 days before the spots appear to until they have crusted over.

Answer 23

Non-immune pregnant women are more vulnerable to severe chickenpox infection, that can develop into pneumonia, meningitis or sepsis. Women with previous children are at higher risk. In later stages of pregnancy, chickenpox is associated with pre-term birth or neonatal chickenpox infection if the woman has chickenpox 7 days before the birth. In non-pregnant women, treatment is symptomatic, but in pregnant women, varicella zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG) should be administered.

Answer 24

IgG antibodies - immune IgM antibodies - recent

Answer 25

Citomegalovirus (CMV) CMV is a common virus that is part of the herpes family. Many people are exposed during childhood and become immune.

Answer 26

CMV is spread by contact with bodily fluids, such as saliva, urine, semen, cervical secretions or breastmilk.

Answer 27

The risk of CMV can be reduced by hand washing regularly, especially after changing nappies. Women are also advised to avoid sharing food, eating utensils or drinking glasses with children, or any other activity where there may be contact with saliva. As other viral infections, diagnosis is made by measuring antibodies.

Answer 28

CMV associated congenital defects are related with IUGR, microcephaly and neurodevelopmental delays. Hearing loss is the most frequent long term consequence in around 20% of affected children. However, most babies wil be normal at birth. Only 10% will be symptomatic and of these, up to 1/3 will die.

Answer 29

IgG antibodies - passed infection IgM antibodies - recent

Answer 30

MMR vaccine. People are the only known host and they transmit the infection by respiratory droplets.

Answer 31

unvaccinated woman gets in contact with rubella, detection of IgM in saliva can help diagnose the infection. • If she is less than 11 weeks, the risk of vertical transmission is more than 90%. This risk decreases to only 20% by 11-16 weeks, and after 20 weeks, the risk of Congenital rubella syndrome is non-increased.

Answer 32

Congenital rubella cause deafness, cardiac abnormalities, congenital cataracts, microcephaly and learning impairments.

Answer 33

IgG antibodies - immune IgM antibodies - recent

Answer 34

- Black African women - High BMI Health care workers

Answer 35

- Weakened immune systems - Newborns - Pregnant women - Adults with underlying disease - Pre-existing infection such as HIV - People with their spleen removed - Functional asplenia <- sickles cell disease (The spleen is important for immunity against encapsulated bacteria)

Answer 36

In pregnant women, GBS can travel through the vaginal and into the uterus damaging the chorion and amnion. This causes chorioamnionitis which can cause the membranes to rupture. It can also travel to the fetus and can cause IUD.

Answer 37

if baby inhales this, they can develop pneumonia they can develop neonatal sepsis septic arthritis neonatal meningitis

Answer 38

• Vertical: this is usually when the GBS bacteria is transmitted from the mother to the baby when he/she passes through the vagina. It is also considered possible that the GBS may ascend through the vagina and cause infection of the membranes, especially if membranes are broken. Cases of babies born via csection with GBS infection are thought to be related with this second cause. Horizontal: GBS can also be transmitted with direct contact with hands (p.e. health care workers who handle the baby) or direct contact with contaminated surfaces, including medical devices and furniture (like a hospital cot), where the GBS bacteria can survive.

Answer 39

The vertical transmission is more frequently associated with early onset GBS disease, while the horizontal one is thought to cause late onset GBS.

Answer 40

Late onset GBS infection is the infection that occurs between 7 days and up to 3 months of age. As it is not related with pregnancy, but with an encounter with the GBS bacteria after birth, late onset GBS is not preventable by any intervention during pregnancy or birth. Late onset GBS is more likely in non-white babies and those born preterm.

Answer 41

EOGBS disease happens in the first 7 days of life, although 90% of cases will begin within the first 24 hours of life. GBS can develop very quickly and get complicated with septicaemia, pneumonia or meningitis.

Answer 42

- Preterm - Small for gestation age - ROM > 12-24hrs - GBS in urine - Previous baby affected Intrapartum fever

Answer 43

- Fever - Grunting and breathing difficulties - Tachycardia - Irritability - Lethargy - Cyanosis or pale Feeding difficulties

Answer 44

NO, Current test are not accurate: We do not know what factors may make it disappear and which factors may it stay. good chances of a woman being offered antibiotics in labour when in reality she does not need them. • Timing of screening may not be adequate: many of the babies severely affected from GBS are born premature, which means, before the suggested time for screening. ○ If screening were to be offered earlier, this may reduce even further its accuracy. There are concerns about the widely used of antibiotics in labour: All women at risk of GBS or with a GBS+ result will be offered antibiotics in labour, even if they do not have any other risk factors ○ If screening were to be offered at onset of labour, it may be too late, as it takes around 48 hours for the results to be available ○ Sometimes GBS can be found incidentally when the woman has a swab for any other reason. However, this incidental finding in pregnancy greater than 5 weeks before labour is unreliable and may result in unnecessary interventions.

Answer 45

Current guidelines recommend at least 4 hours of worth of antibiotics before the baby is born.

Answer 46

Antibiotics during birth have an impact on the microbiome of the baby and there is a potential risk of anaphylaxis, increased incidence of later bacterial infections in infants and increasing rates of diseases such as asthma, allergy, obesity, eczema and even obsessive compulsive disorder.

Answer 47

The recommended antibiotic is benzyl penicillin.

Answer 48

Please note that having GBS in a previous pregnancy with a non-affected baby is not considered to be at risk. However, they do have 40-50% chances of being GBS carriers again. These women are given the option to be screened in late pregnancy and being offered antibiotics if positive.

Answer 49

If risk factors: - Offer antibiotics in labour - Monitor mother and baby for signs of infections during labour ( as per normal care guidelines) If PROM - Offer antibiotics and discuss early induction Neonatal care - Observations for 24 hours - Neonatal review

Infections Flashcards

(73 cards)