OB Theory > infertility > Flashcards

infertility Flashcards

(35 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q
  • Inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected, regular sexual intercourse
  • If over 35 years if no conception in past 6 months
  • Any inability to conceive when desired
  • Includes repeated miscarriage
  • Affects approximately 15% of couples of reproductive age
A

Infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

never have conceived - infetility

A

primary infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q 
conceived once but unable to conceive again
•40-50% of causes are idiopathic
•Other 50%
•1/3 male
•1/3 female
•1/3 male and female partners
A

secondary infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primary hypogonadism (testicular failure)
30-40% of male cases:
•Variocele (40% of cases)
•Medication: Nicotine, Alcohol Abuse, Anabolic steroids, Antihypertensive
•Cocaine & Marijuana Use
•Toxin exposure
•Heavy metal, organic solvents, pesticides, radiation

A

male factors of impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • Testicular surgeries or injury
  • Cryptorchidism
  • Chromosomal abnormality
  • Genital radiation or Chemotherapy
  • Vas deferens & Epididymal absence (e.g. Cystic Fibrosis)
  • Hormonal Dysfunction (e.g. excess androgen or estrogen)
  • Orchitis
  • Post-pubertal mumps
  • Sexually transmitted disease
A

male factors of impairment 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Abnormal amount, structure, motility
  • Azoospermia—absence of functional sperm
  • Oligospermia—decreased number of functional sperm
  • Impaired sperm function—normal 400 mil/ml
A

abnormalities of sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q 
Affect ability to deposit sperm near the cervix
•Erectile Dysfunction
•Peripheral vascular disorder
•Hypothyroidism
•Major depression
A

abnormal erections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

•Affect ability to deposit sperm near cervix
•Retrograde ejaculation—flow into bladder
-Diabetes
-Sympathetic nerve dysfunction
-Antihypertensives, psychotropics
•Obstructive azoospermia
-Hypospadias, epispadias
-Varicocele
•Alcohol/drug use affecting neurological functioning

A

abnormal ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

•Seminal fluid does not enter cervix or uterus
•Nourishes sperm until can enter cervix
•Alkaline to counteract acidic vaginal fluids
•Coagulates but then becomes liquefied 30 minutes after ejaculation
-Problem if does not liquefy
•Abnormal seminal fluid indicative of inflammation, obstruction, infection

A

seminal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fertility dependent on
•Normal ova production
•Open pathway(s) from cervix to fallopian tube
•Uterine endometrium adequate to support growth

A

factors of women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

•Ovulation dependent upon hypothalamus releasing GnRH and pituitary releasing FSH and LH; and the ability of ovaries to respond
•Number of oocytes established as fetus
-Eggs age with woman
-Eggs subjected to lifetime of environmental agents, drugs
•May have normal or irregular menses

A

disorders of ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q 
-Scarring, adhesions impair conception and/or implantation
•Endometriosis
•STDs, PID
•Surgery
•Congenital anomaly
•May result in ectopic pregnancy
-Impaired fimbriae or cilia motility
A

disorders of fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • Polyps
  • Scarring from culposcopy, biopsy
  • Infection
  • Abnormal cervical mucus impairs sperm
  • Normal at ovulation is consistency of egg white
A

abnormalities of the cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • Abnormalities of fetal chromosomes
  • Abnormalities of cervix or uterus
  • Endocrine abnormalities
  • Immunologic factors
  • Environmental agents
A

repeated pregnancy loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • Genetic errors result in spontaneous abortion
  • Most errors are random
  • One or both parents may be carrier
  • Consider genetic counseling if > 2 miscarriage
A

abnormalities in fetal chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • Abnormal structure of cervix or uterus affecting implantation or fetal growth
  • DES exposure in utero—incompetent cervix, uterine malformation, cancer
  • Surgery
  • Trauma
  • Fibroids
Study These Flashcards
A

abnormalities of cervix and uterus

17
Q
  • Luteal phase defect—inadequate progesterone to support implantation, placenta
  • Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity –(inadequate diet)
  • Advanced Age (sharp decline at age 42)
Study These Flashcards
A

endocrine abnormalities

18
Q
  • Rejection of embryo as foreign by maternal immune system

* Lupus

Study These Flashcards
A

immunologic factors

19
Q
  • Radiation
  • Alcohol
  • Accutane
  • Cigarette smoke
  • Cocaine
  • Solvents
  • Pesticides
  • Lead, mercury
Study These Flashcards
A

environmental agents

20
Q
  • HIV
  • CMV
  • Rubella
  • Varicella
  • Herpes
  • Hepatitis
  • Parvovirus—fifth disease
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • GBS
  • TB
21
Q
  • Thorough health history with reproductive history
  • Obtain specific information regarding sexual intercourse (male & female)
  • Physical exam (male & female)
22
Q 
Start with least invasive
•Semen Analysis
•Basal body temperature
•Cervical mucus assessment
•Ovarian function assessment
-hormone levels
•Pelvic organ assessments
-Ultrasound
-Hysterosalpingography
-Laparoscopy
Study These Flashcards
A

diagnostic exams

23
Q 
•Natural Family Planning Education
•Clomid (Clomiphene Citrate)
-Common side effects:
--Decreased cervical mucus
--Hot flushes
--Breast and Pelvic pain
--Nausea
•Severe: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
-Acute fluid shift into extravascular space
Study These Flashcards
A

medical therapy to facilitate pregnacy

24
Q 
•Surgery
-Endoscopy
-Laparotomy
-Transcervicalballoon tuboplasty
•Therapeutic insemination
•Surrogacy
Study These Flashcards
A

medical therapy 2

25
* In vitro fertilization (IVF) * Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) * Tubal embryo transfer (TET) * Microsurgically assisted fertilization * Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
advanced reproductive techniques
26
* Involves combining eggs and sperm outside the body in a laboratory then implanting in the reproductive tract. * May result in multiple gestation * Progesterone given to facilitate implantation
advanced reproductive techniques 2
27
* Involves combining eggs and sperm outside the body in a laboratory then implanting in the reproductive tract. * May result in multiple gestation * Progesterone given to facilitate implantation
advanced reproductive techniques 3
28
* Recognized as a major life stressor that can affect self-esteem, relations with the spouse, family and friends * Couples need assistance separating success and failure of infertility from personal success and failure
infertility issues
29
* Couple or woman exhibits behaviors of the grieving process that are associated with other types of loss * Loss of one’s genetic continuity * Loss of self-esteem * Sense of inadequacy as woman/man * Loss of control over life and destiny * Reduced sense of self
infertility issues 2
30
* Couple must decide/identify the importance of having a baby. Conflicts may arise if there is disagreement among partners. * Couple must be willing to divulge intimate sexual information with healthcare professionals * Financial resources
infertility issues 3
31
* Time commitment * Social, cultural, and religious values * Risk of procedures--surgery, medications, multiple births * Probability of success * Psychological reactions * guilt * isolation * depression
infertility issues 4
32
* Pregnancy loss after therapy * may experience profound grief after achievement of conception and then loss * may be able to go on because they were successful once, ready to try again
pregnancy outcomes
33
Parenthood after therapy •may experience mixed emotions •worry about completing pregnancy •may be unable to “invest” fully in pregnancy •may experience anger from family/friends who don’t understand why couple isn’t “thrilled, overjoyed” •high anxiety during labor and postpartum •unrealistic expectations about newborn, parenthood Adoption
possible outcomes
34
* Assist with therapeutic communication * Increase couples sense of control * Reduce isolation * Promote positive self image
nursing
35
* Partners can express feelings about situation * Partners can explore ways to increase personal control as evidenced by expressing feelings of reduced helplessness and dependence
goals
OB Theory
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions