1
Q
WHAT IS THE OUTER MOST PORTION OF SKIN?
A
EPIDERMIS
2
Q
EPIDERMIS
A
OUTER MOST PORTION OF SKIN,
COMPOSED OF EPITHELIAL CELLS, CONTAINS NO BLOOD VESSELS
3
Q
WHAT ARE THE FIVE LAYER OF SKIN IN ORDER FROM DEEPEST TO SUPERFICIAL?
A
- STRATUM GERMINATIVUM/BASALE
- STATUM SPINOSUM
- STRATUM GRANULOSUM
- STRATUM LUCIDUM
- STRATUM CORNEUM
4
Q
STRATUM GERMINATIVUM/BASALE
A
CELL DIVISION, LAYER OF MOSTLY KERATINOCYTES, GROWS UPWARD
5
Q
MELANOCYTES
A
PRODUCE TWO DISTINCT CLASSES OF MELANIN
6
Q
PHEMELANIN
A
RED TO YELLOW COLOR
7
Q
EUMELANIN
A
DARK BROWN TO BLACK COLOR
8
Q
STRATUM SPINOSUM
A
8-10 CELL LAYER THICK, CONTAIN MELANOCYTES, KERATINOCYTES AND LANGERHANS CELLS, LOOKS PRICKLY - “LITTLE SPINE”
9
Q
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
A
KERATINIZATION BEINGS AND CELLS BEGIN TO DIE
KERATINOCYTES CHANGE SHAPE, LOSE NUCLEUS, MOST OF WATER AND BECOME HARD PROTEIN - KERATIN
10
Q
STRATUM LUCIDUM
A
PLAMS OF HANDS AND SOLES OF FEET, LAYERS APPEAR CLEAR
11
Q
STRATUM CORNEUM
A
COMPOSED OF DEAD, FLAT, SCALE LIKE KERATINIZED CELLS, SLOUGH OFF DAILY, COMPLETE CELL TURNOVER 28-30 DAYS, SLIGHTLY ACIDIC TO HELP IN DEFENSE AGAINST HARMFUL MICROORGANISMS
12
Q
KERATIN
A
THICKENS AND PROTECTS SKIN, WAXY
13
Q
EXFOLIATION
A
PROCESS OF REFRESHING SKIN, SURFACE LOST AND REPLACED
14
Q
MELANIN
A
PIGMENT THAT COLORS SKIN, PRODUCED BY MELANOCYTES, HELPS PROTECT AGAINST SUN’S UV RAYS
15
Q
DERMIS
A
SECOND LAYER OF SKIN, DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE WELL SUPPLIED W/ BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES, “TRUE SKIN” CARRIES OUT SKINS VITAL FUNCTIONS
16
Q
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE DERMIS INCLUDE:
A
SWEAT GLANDS, OIL GLANDS, AND HAIR
17
Q
FUNCTION OF DERMIS
A
PROTECTION, NOURISHMENT OF EPIDERMIS, SKIN ELASTICITY, SENSORY PERCEPTION
18
Q
SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE THAT SKIN RESTS ON (HYPODERMIS OR SUPERFICIAL FASCIA), BUNDLES OF FIBERS CONNECT LAYER WITH DERMIS
19
Q
FUNCTIONS OF SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER
A
CONNECTS SKIN TO DEEP FASCIA COVERING UNDERLAYING MUSCLES, INSULATION, TEMPERATURE REGULATION, SENSORY PERCEPTION
20
Q
WHAT DO BLOOD VESSELS DO FOR THE SKIN?
A
SUPPLY SKIN W/ NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN AND HELP REGULATE BODY TEMP, RUN THROUGH AND SEND BRANCHES TO DERMIS
21
Q
WHAT DO NERVES AND NERVE ENDINGS DO FOR THE SKIN?
A
SUPPLY NERVE IMPULSES TO AND FROM EPIDERMIS AND DERMIS
22
Q
SEBACEOUS GLANDS (OIL)
A
SACLIKE STRUCTURE, DUCTS OPEN INTO HAIR FOLLICLES, PRODUCE SEBUM
23
Q
FUNCTION OF SEBUM
A
LUBRICATES SKIN, HAIR, AND PREVENTS DRYING
24
Q
WHAT ARE THE GLANDS THAT COVER NEW BORN BABIES?
A
VERNIX CASEOSA “CHEESY VARNISH”
25
MEIBOMIAN GLANDS
MODIFIED, ASSOCIATED WITH EYELASHES AND PRODUCE SECRETION TO LUBRICATE EYES
26
SUBORIFEROUS GLANDS (SWEAT)
COILED, TUBELIKE STRUCTURES LOCATED IN DERMIS AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, RELEASE SWEAT ONTO BODY SURFACE THROUGH EXOCRINE GLANDS
27
APROCINE SWEAT GLANDS
LOCATED IN ARMPIT AND GROIN, ACTIVE AT PUBERTY AND RELEASE SECRETIONS THROUGH HAIR FOLLICLES IN RESPONSE TO EMOTIONAL STRESS AND SEXUAL STIMULATION
28
CERUMINOUS GLANDS
EAR CANAL, PRODUCE EAR WAX (CERUMEN)
29
CILIARY GLANDS
EDGES OF EYELIDS
30
MAMMARY GLANDS
BREASTS
31
HAIR
COMPOSED OF KERAIN AND NOT LIVING, DEVELOPS FROM STEM CELLS LOCATED IN BULB AT BASE OF HAIR FOLLICLE
32
WHAT DO MELANOCYTES DO TO HAIR?
ADD COLOR/PIGMENT TO DEVELOPING HAIR
33
WHERE IS THE HAIR SHAFT LOCATED?
PROJECTS ABOVE THE SKIN
34
WHERE IS THE HAIR ROOT LOCATED?
PORTION BELOW THE SKIN
35
HOW IS THE ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLE INVOLVED WITH HAIR?
WHEM FRIGHTENED OR COLD, MUSCLE CONTRACTS AND RAISES HAIR, PRESSES ON SEBACEOUS GLAND ASSOCIATED W/ HAIR FOLLICLE CAUSING RELEASE OF SEBUM TO LUBRICATE SKIN
36
NAILS
PROTECTS FINGERS AND TOES AND HELPS W/ GRASPING SMALL OBJECTS WITH HANDS
37
WHAT ARE NAILS MADE OF?
HARDENED KERATIN FORMED BY DERMIS
38
WHAT IS THE NAIL ROOT?
GROWTH REGION WHERE NEW NAILS DEVELOP CONTINUOUSLY, LOCATED UNDER NAIL'S PROXIMAL END
39
WHERE IS THE NAIL PLATE LOCATED?
RESTS ON NAIL BED
40
WHAT IS THE LUNULA?
"LITTLE MOON" AT NAIL'S PROXIMAL END, LIGHTER PORTION LIES OVER NAIL'S THICKER GROWING REGION
41
WHAT IS A CUTICLE?
EXTENSION OF STRATUM CORNEUM, SEALS SPACE BETWEEN NAIL PLATE AND SKIN ABOVE ROOT
42
WHAT DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHITE NAILS?
LIVER DISEASE
43
WHAT DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH HALF PINK HALF WHITE NAILS?
KIDNEY DISEASE
44
WHAT DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH NAIL BED BEING RED?
HEART CONDITIONS
45
WHAT DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THICKENING YELLOW NAILS?
LUNG DISEASE
46
WHAT DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A PALE NAIL BED?
ANEMIA
47
WHAT DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH YELLOWISH WITH SLIGHT BLUSH AT THE BASE OF THE NAIL?
DIABETES
48
WHAT DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH BLUEISH NAILS?
HYPOXIA
49
FUNCTIONS OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION, PROTECTION AGAIST DEHYDRATION, REGULATION OF BODY TEMP, COLLECTION OF SENSORY INFO
50
HOW DOES THE SKIN PROTECT AGAINST INFECTION?
CELLS OF STRATUM CORNEUM FORM TIGHT INTERLOCKING PATTERN, SURFACE CELLS CONSTANTLY SHED WHICH REMOVES PATHOGENS, ANTIMICROBIAL SEBUM AND SWEAT HELP PROTECT
51
HOW DOES SKIN PROTECT AGAINST DEHYDRATION?
KERATIN IN EPIDERMIS AND OILY SEBUM RELEASED TO SKIN'DS SURFACE HELP TO WATERPROOF SKIN AND KEEP MOIST, PREVENT EXCESSIVE WATER LOSS BY EVAPORATION
52
HOW DOES THE SKIN REGULATE BODY TEMP IN THE COLD?
VESSELS CONSTRICT (NARROW) TO REDUCE BLOOD FLOW TO SURFACE AND DIMINISH HEAT LOSS
53
HOW DOES THE SKIN REGULATE BODT TEMP IN THE HEAT?
BLOOD VESSELS DILATE (WIDEN) TO BRING MORE BLOOD TO SURFACE SO HEAT CAN DISSIPATE, SWEAT GLANDS, EVAPORATION OF PERSPIRATION DRAWS HEAT FROM SKIN, SEBUM CAUSES SWEAT TO SPREAD THINLY OVER SKIN
54
HOW DOES THE SKIN COLLECT SENSORY INFORMATION?
FREE NERVE ENDINGS DETECT PAIN AND MODERATE CHANGES IN TEMP,M OTHER SENSORY RECEPTORS RESPOND TO LIGHT TOUCH AND DEEP PRESSURE
55
WHAT IS MEISSNER?
LIGHT TOUCH
56
WHAT IS PACINIAN?
DEEP PRESSURE
57
HOW IS COLOR OF SKIN DETERMINED?
BY PIGMENTS PRESENT AND BLOOD CIRCULATION
58
WHAT IS DISCOLORATION?
ANY DISTINCT CHANGE IN SKIN COLOR FROM NORMAL
59
WHAT IS SKIN'S MAIN PIGMENT?
MELANIN
60
WHAT IS ALBINISM?
HEREDITARY DISORDER, RESULTS IN LACK OF PIGMENT IN SKIN, HAIR AND EYES
61
WHAT IS VITILIGO?
PATCHY LOCAL BLANCHING OF SKINTO NEAR WHITENESS
62
WHAT IS HEMOGLOBIN?
PIGMENT THAT CARRIES OXYGEN IN RED BLOOD CELLS
63
WHAT DOES FLUSHING MEAN?
REDNESS CAUSED BY INCREASED BLOOD FLOW TO SKIN
64
WHAT DOES PALLOR MEAR?
PALENESS OF SKIN BY REDUCED BLOOD FLOW OR REDUCTION IN HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS (ANEMIA)
65
WHAT IS CYANOSIS?
BLUEISH DISCOLORATION - NOT ENOUGH OXYGEN IN BLOOD (HEART FAILURE, BREATHING PROBLEMS)
66
WHAT IS CAROTENEMIA?
YELLOWISH RED SKIN CAUSED BY CONSUMING TOO MUCH CAROTENE RICH FOODS (ORANGE/YELLOW VEGGIES)
67
WHAT ARE BILE PIGMENTS?
BILIRUBIN, YELLOWISH SKIN DISCOLORATION CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE BILE PIGMENT IN BLOOD
68
WHAT IS JAUNDICE AND WHAT CAUSES IT?
CONDITION OF VERY YELLOW SKIN AND EYES CAUSED BY TUMOR OR STONE PRESSING ON BILE DUCT, INFLAMMATION OF LIVER (HEPATITIS), BLOOD DISEASE WHERE RED BLOOD CELLS ARE DESTROYED, OR IMMATURITY OF LIVER
69
HOW DOES SKIN REPAIR WITH INFLAMMATION?
BLOOD BRINGS GROWTH FACTORS THAT PROMOTE RESTORATIVE CELLS, NEW VESSELS BRANCH FROM DAMAGED AND GROW INTO INJURED TISSUE, FIBROBLASTS MAKE COLLAGEN TO CLOSE GAP, STEM CELLS PRODUCE EPIDERMAL CELLS THAT MOVE TO COVER NEW CONNECTIVE TISSUE
70
WHAT IS A SCAR?
CICATRIX: NEW CONNECTIVE TISSUE AT CENTER OF HEALED WOUND - SHOWS ON SURFACE AS WHITE LINE
71
WHAT ARE KELOIDS?
TUMOR LIKE MASSES OR SHARPLY RAISED AREAS ON SKINS SURFACE - EXCESS COLLAGEN PRODUCTION
72
HOW DOES NUTRITION AFFECT HEALING?
BALANCED DIET, VITAMINS A AND C FOR COLLAGEN PRODUCTION
73
HOW DOES BLOOD SUPPLY AFFECT HEALING?
POOR CIRCULATION WILL DELAY WOUND HEALING
74
HOW DOES INFECTION AFFECT HEALING?
CONTAMINATION PROLONGS INFLAMMATION
75
HOW DOES AGE AFFECT HEALING?
SLOWER DUE TO SLOWER RATE OF CELL REPLACEMENT
76
WHAT CAUSES WRINKLES AROUND EYES AND MOUTH IN OLDER AGED PEOPLE?
LOSS OF FAT, ELASTIC FIBERS AND COLLAGEN
77
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE SKIN IN OLDER AGED PEOPLE?
DERMIS BECOMES THINNER, TRANSPARENT AND LOSES ELASTICITY
78
WHAT ACCELERATES THE DEGRADATION OF COLLAGEN AND ELASTIC FIBERS?
UV LIGHT
79
WHAT CAUSES PALER SKIN IN OLDER AGED PEOPLE?
DECREASED CIRCULATION IN DERMIS
80
WHY IS IT HARDER FOR OLDER AGED PEOPLE TO WITHSTAND THE HEAT?
ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS DECREASE WHICH MEANS LESS PERSPIRATION OUTPUT WHICH MEANS LESS SWEAT TO COOL BODY
81
WHY ARE OLDER AGED PEOPLE MORE SENSITIVE TO THE COLD?
LESS FAT AND POOR CIRCULATION THROUGH THE SKIN
82
WHAT IS DERMAOSIS?
GENERAL TERM FOR ANY SKIN DISEASE
83
WHAT IS A LESION?
ANY WOUND OF LOCAL DAMAGE TO TISSUE
84
WHAT IS A SURFACE LESION?
RASH OR ERUPTION (RAISED)
85
WHAT IS ERYTHEMA?
REDNESS OF SKIN
86
WHAT IS A MACULE?
NEITHER RAISED NOR DEPRESSED AND LESS THAN 1 CM (MEASLES, FRECKLES)
87
WHAT IS A PATCH?
FLAT LESION GREATER THAN 1 CM
88
WHAT IS A PAPULE?
FIRM RAISED AREA LESS THAN 1 CM (CHICKEN POX, SYPHILIS, PIMPLE)
89
WHAT IS A NODULE?
SOLID, RAISED AND ROUND ARE LARGER THAN 1 CM
90
WHAT IS A VESICLE?
BLISTER OR SMALL FLUID FILLED SAC LESS THAN 5 CM (CHICKEN POX, SHINGLES)
91
WHAT IS A BULLA?
SMALL FLUID FILLED SAC GREATER THAN 5 CM
92
WHAT IS A PUSTULE?
PUS FILLED AREA LESS THAN 1 CM
93
WHAT IS A DEEPER LESION?
CAUSED BY TRAMA OR DEVELOP FROM SURFACE LESION
94
WHAT IS AN EXCORIATION?
SCRATCH TO THE SKIN
95
WHAT IS A LACERATION?
ROUGH, JAGGED WOUND, TEARING OF SKIN
96
WHAT IS AN ULCER?
SORE ASSOCIATED WITH DISINTEGRATION AND DEATH OF TISSUE
97
WHAT IS A FISSURE?
CRACK TO THE SKIN
98
WHAT IS A PRESSURE ULCER (BEDSORE/DECUBITUS ULCER)?
SKIN LEISON THAT APPEAR WHERE BODY RESTS (LONG PERIOD OF TIME)
BEDRIDDEN AND IMPAIRED SENSATION
99
WHAT IS A SUPERFICIAL 1ST DEGREE BURN?
EPIDERMIS ONLY
RED AND DRY SKIN, WHITEN (BLANCH) WHEN PRESSED, BRIGHT RED WHEN RELEASED
MINIMAL PAIN
EX. SUNBURN, SHORT HEAT EXPOSURE
100
WHAT IS A SUPERFICIAL PARTIAL THICKNESS 2ND DEGREE BURN?
EPIDERMIS AND SUPERFICIAL DERMIS
REDDENS AND BLISTERS
PAINFULL
EX. SEVERE SUNBURN, SCALDING
101
WHAT IS A DEEP PARTIAL THICKNESS 2ND DEGREE BURN?
EPIDERMIS AND BOTH SUPERFICIAL AND DEEPER DERMIS
BLISTERS WITH WEEPING SURFACE OR DRY DUE TO SWEAT GLAND DAMAGE
LESS PAINFUL DUE TO NERVE DAMAGE
EX. SCALDING, EXPOSURE TO FLAME OR HOT GREASE
102
WHAT IS FULL THICKNESS 3RD DEGREE AND 4TH DEGREE BURN?
FULL SKIN AND SOMETIMES SUBCUTANEOUS TISUE AND UNDERLYING TISSUE
BROKEN, DRY NAD PALE, CHARRED
MANY REQUIRE SKIN GRAFT
103
WHAT IS THE RULE OF 9S FOR BURNS?
SURFACE AREAS ARE ASSIGNED % IN MULTIPLES OF 9 TO ESTIMATE BODY SURFACE AREA BURNED
104
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF CANCER?
SKIN CANCER
105
WHERE ARE BASAL CELL AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS FOUND?
ARISE IN EPIDERMIS AND APPEAR ON FACE, NECK, AND HANDS
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA MORE LIKELY TO METASTASIZE
106
WHAT IS MELANOMA?
MALIGNANT TUMOR OF MELANOCYTES
ARISE ANYWHERE MELANOCYTES ARE FOUND
107
WHAT ARE THE ABCDE FACTORS OF MELANOMA?
ASYMMETRY
BORDERS
COLOR
DIAMETER
EVOLUTION
108
WHAT IS A BACTERIAL SKIN INFECTION?
SECONDARY TO SCATCHES OR LESIONS
109
WHAT IS IT CALLED WHEN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS SPREAD TO DERMIS?
CELLULITIS
110
WHAT IS IMPETIGO?
ACUTE CONTAGIOUS DISEASE OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ORIGIN
BLISTER LIKE LESIONS FILLED WITH PUS AND CONTAIN MILLIONS OF VIRULENT BACTERIA
FOUND FREQUENTLY AMOUNG POOR AND UNDERNOURISHED CHILDREN
111
WHAT IS HERPES SIMPLEX?
VIRAL INFECTION
FORMATION OF WATERY VESICLES ON SKIN AND MEMBRANES
COLD SORES, FEVER BLISTERS
112
WHAT IS TYPE 1 HERPES?
LESIONS AROUND NOSE AND MOUTH
113
WHAT IS TYPE 2 HERPES?
GENITAL INFECTION (STD)
114
WHAT IS THE SHINGLES VIRUS?
IN ADULTS, SAME VIRUS AS CHICKEN POX
FOLLOWS NERVE PATHWAYS, PRODUCING SMALL VESICULAR SKIN LESIONS ALONG COURSE OF NERVE
PAIN, INCREASED SENSITIVITY, ITCHING
115
WHAT IS A WART (VERRUCA)?
SMALL, UNUSAL DESIGN, TUMOR CAUSED BY VIRUS OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)
CAN BE ANYWHERE ON BODY
116
WHAT IS TINEA?
SUPERFICIAL MYCOTIC FUNGAL INFECTION
FACE, BODY, SCALP, HANDS, FEET
RED RING SHAPED LESION (RINGWORM)
117
WHAT IS DERMATITIS?
REDNESS, HEAT, ITCHING OF SKIN INFLAMMATION
118
WHAT IS URTICARA?
HIVES, ALLERGIC REACTION - ELEVATED RED PATCHES (WHEALS)
119
WHAT IS ACUTE ECZEMATOUS DERMATITIS OR ECZEMA?
INTENSE ITCHING AND SKIN INFLAMMATION
REDNESS (ERYTHEMA), BLISTERS (VESICLES), PIMPLE LIKE LESIONS (PAPULES) AND SCALING AND CRUSTING OF SKIN SURFACE
120
WHAT IS ATOPID DERMATITIS?
RECURRENT BOUTS OF ECZEMA BEGINNING IN CHILDHOOD
121
WHAT IS PEMPHIGUS?
BLISTERS OF BULLAE IN SKIN AND MEMBRANE CAUSED BY SEPERATION OF EPIDERMAL CELLS FROM UNDERLAYING TISSUE LAYERS
122
WHAT IS LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS?
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ROUGH RAISED VIOLET TINTED PAPULES ON FACE AND SCALP
BUTTERFLY SHAPED RASH ACROSS NOSE AND CHEEKS
123
WHAT IS SYSTEMATIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)?
INVOLVES SKIN NAD OTHER ORGANS
124
WHAT IS DISCOID LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (DLE)?
INVOLVES ONLY SKIN
125
WHAT IS SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA)
AUTOIMMUNE OF UNKNOWN CAUSE OF OVERPRODUCTION OF COLLAGEN WITH THICKENING AND TIGHTENING OF SKIN, HARDENING
NUMBNESS, PAIN, TINGLING ON EXPOSE TO COLD
126
WHAT IS ACNE?
OVERACTIVITY OF SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS CONNECTED WITH HAIL FOLLICLE
127
WHAT IS PSORIASIS?
OVERGROWTH OF KERATINOCYTES WITHIN EPIDERMIS LEADING TO LARGE, SHARPLY OUTLINED RED FLAT AREARS COVERED IN SILVERY SCALES
128
WHAT IS ALOPECIA?
BALDNESS CAUSED BY MALE PATTERN BALDNESS, SYSTEMIC DISEASE, OR DRUGS
UNKNOW REASON: ALOPECIA AREATA
128
WHAT IS ACNE VULGARIS?
14-25 YR OLDS, WHEN HORMONES CONTROL SEBACEOUS SECRETIONS ARE ACTIVE
EXCESSIVE SEBUM PRODUCTION AND REDUCED KERATINOCYTE SHEDDING
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