Integumentary System

Question 1

Components of integumentary system

Answer 1

1. skin
2. hair
3. nails
4. associated glands

Question 2

Functions of integumentary system

Answer 2

1. Physical barrier that protects
   
   • tissues and structures from microorganisms,
   • physical trauma,
   • ultraviolet radiation,
   • and dehydration.
2. Temperature maintenance,
3. Fluid and electrolyte balance,
4. Absorption, excretion,
5. sensation,
6. immunity, and
7. vitamin D synthesis.

Question 3

Arrector pili muscle

Answer 3

1. A microscopic band of muscle tissue which connects a hair follicle to the dermis. When stimulated, contract and cause the hair to become more perpendicular to the skin surface (stand on end).
2. Forces sebum out of hair follicle to the skin surface for lubrication

Question 4

1. A microscopic band of muscle tissue which connects a hair follicle to the dermis. When stimulated, contract and cause the hair to become more perpendicular to the skin surface (stand on end).
2. Forces sebum out of hair follicle to the skin surface for lubrication

Answer 4

Arrector pili muscle

Question 5

4 major types of cells in epidermis

Answer 5

1. Keratinocyte
2. Melanocyte
3. Langerhans cells ( dendritic cells)
4. Merkel cells (sensory cells)

Question 6

Dendritic cells (name and location)

Answer 6

1. Langerhans cells (antigen-presenting immune cells): take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells.
2. In stratum spinosum

Question 7

Tactile cells (name and location)

Answer 7

Merkel cells:

1. Oval receptor cells. They are associated with the sense of light touch discrimination of shapes and textures
2. Found in the stratum basale

Question 8

Layers of the epidermis (Top - Bottom)

(Cuerno Largo con Granos y Spinos en un Baso)

Answer 8

1. Stratum Corneum
2. Stratum Lucidum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Spinosum
5. Stratum Basale

Question 9

Stratum Corneum

Answer 9

1. The fifth, outermost layer is thick
2. 20-30 rows of dead cells.
3. Essentially Flat membranous sacs filled with soft keratin.
4. Glycolipids in extracellular space.

Question 10

Stratum Lucidum

Answer 10

Protects against sun ultraviolet-ray damage. This thick layer appears only in frequently used areas such as palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Thick skin epidermis has all five strata.

Question 11

Stratum Granulosum

Answer 11

1. 5 layers of flattened cells
2. Organelles deteriorating
3. Cytoplasm full of lamellar (“small plate”) granules (release lipids) –> major factor to decrease water loss.
4. Keratohyaline granules

Question 12

Pacinian corpuscle (location in skin)

Answer 12

An encapsulated receptor found in deep layers of the skin (Reticular layer) that senses vibratory pressure and touch.

Question 13

corpuscle, Meissner’s,

Answer 13

the medium encapsulated nerve endings found in the skin and activated by light touch.

Question 14

Stratum spinosum

Answer 14

1. Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes
2. Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
3. contains Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)

Question 15

Stratum Basale

Answer 15

1. Deepest epidermal layer
2. 1 row of actively mitotic stem cells
3. some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers
4. Contains melanocytes and dendritic cells (Langerhans) and Merkel cells (tactil)

Question 16

Dermis layers

Type of tissue

Answer 16

1. Papillary layer
2. Reticular layer
3. Dense irregular connective tissues

Question 17

Pigments for skin and hair color

Answer 17

1. Melanin: yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment • melanocytes [activated by UV] • Freckles & pigmented moles – local accumulations of melanin
2. Carotene: yellow to orange pigment • most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet • Precursor vitamin A [important for vision]
3. hemoglobin: red, O2-carrying pigment in blood cells

Question 18

Cyanosis

Answer 18

is the appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface being low on oxygen.

Question 19

Albinism

Answer 19

is a genetic defect of melanin production that results in little or no color (pigment) in the skin, hair, and eyes.

It is due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin.

Question 20

Jaundice

Answer 20

1. Is a yellow color of the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. The yellow coloring comes from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells.
2. Everyday, a small number of red blood cells in your body die, and are replaced by new ones. The liver removes the old blood cells, forming bilirubin. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed by the body in the stool.
3. Causes: Too many red blood cells are dying or breaking down and going to the liver
4. The liver is overloaded or damaged
5. The bilirubin from the liver is unable to move through the digestive tract properly
6. I is often a sign of a problem with the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas.

Question 21

1. Langerhans cells (antigen-presenting immune cells): take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells.
2. In stratum spinosum

Answer 21

Dendritic cells (name and location)

Question 22

Merkel cells:

1. Oval receptor cells. They are associated with the sense of light touch discrimination of shapes and textures
2. Found in the stratum basale

Answer 22

Tactile cells (name and location)

Question 23

1. Stratum Corneum
2. Stratum Lucidum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Spinosum
5. Stratum Basale

Answer 23

Layers of the epidermis (Top - Bottom)

(Cuerno Largo con Granos y Spinos en un Baso)

Question 24

1. The fifth, outermost layer is thick
2. 20-30 rows of dead cells.
3. Essentially Flat membranous sacs filled with soft keratin.
4. Glycolipids in extracellular space.

Answer 24

Stratum Corneum

Question 25

Protects against sun ultraviolet-ray damage. This thick layer appears only in frequently used areas such as palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Thick skin epidermis has all five strata.

Answer 25

Stratum Lucidum

Question 26

1. 5 layers of flattened cells 2. Organelles deteriorating 3. Cytoplasm full of lamellar ("small plate") granules (release lipids) --\> major factor to decrease water loss. 4. Keratohyaline granules

Answer 26

Stratum Granulosum

Question 27

1. Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes 2. Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin 3. contains Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)

Answer 27

Stratum spinosum

Question 28

1. Deepest epidermal layer 2. 1 row of actively mitotic stem cells 3. some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers 4. Contains melanocytes and dendritic cells (Langerhans) and Merkel cells (tactil)

Answer 28

Stratum Basale

Question 29

is the appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface being low on oxygen.

Answer 29

Cyanosis

Question 30

is a genetic defect of melanin production that results in little or no color (pigment) in the skin, hair, and eyes. It is due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin.

Answer 30

Albinism

Question 31

1. Is a yellow color of the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. The yellow coloring comes from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells. 2. Everyday, a small number of red blood cells in your body die, and are replaced by new ones. The liver removes the old blood cells, forming bilirubin. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed by the body in the stool. 3. Causes: Too many red blood cells are dying or breaking down and going to the liver 4. The liver is overloaded or damaged 5. The bilirubin from the liver is unable to move through the digestive tract properly 6. I is often a sign of a problem with the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas.

Answer 31

Jaundice

Question 32

Vitiligo

Answer 32

1. a chronic disorder, depigmentation patches in the skin  2. most likely a combination of genetic factors coupled with a disorder of the immune system (autoimmune disease).

Question 33

Papillary Layer

Answer 33

Papilla = "nipple" the most superior layer of the dermis. Characterized by papillae, fingerlike projections that interdigitate with the epidermis. Consists primarily of loose (AREOLAR) connective tissue. 1. Dermal papillae contains * capillary loops * or free nerve endings (Meissner's corpuscles)

Question 34

Firction ridges

Answer 34

1. Are in the hands' palms and feet's soles 2. large round projections that arise from the papillary layer = dermal ridges + epidermal ridges 3. Good for enhancing gripping and amplifying vibrations

Question 35

Meissner's corpuscle

Answer 35

They are a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch. They are concentrated in areas especially sensitive to light touch, such as the fingers and lips. They are primarily located in glabrous skin just beneath the epidermis within the dermal papillae.

Question 36

Pacinian Corpuscle

Answer 36

Lamellar corpuscles. They are nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure. Similar in physiology to the Meissner's corpuscle, Lamellar corpuscles are larger and fewer in number than both Merkel cells and Meissner's corpuscles.

Question 37

Anatomy of the hair

Answer 37

The hair can be divided into two parts, the root and shaft. The root part of hair is in the skin (epidermis) of scalp. A pouch like structure called follicle surrounds the hair root. The base of hair root is in the shape of a bulb. Capillaries and nerve fibers indent this bulb. The cells in the center of bulb divide. The newly divided hair cells push the previous cells up. The cells, which move upwards, die slowly forming hard hair shaft. The hair shaft has three layers the cuticle, medulla and cortex. 1. Cuticle is the outer layers and protects the inner layers. It is transparent. Healthy cuticle gives a shiny appearance for hair and unhealthy cuticle gives lifeless look 2. Medulla is the innermost layer composed of large cells. 3. Cortex is the layer between cuticle and medulla. This contains pigment and keratin. Cortex determines the bulk and strength of hair.

Question 38

Apocrine sweat glands 1) Location 2) Contents 3) Odorless or not? 4) Function

Answer 38

1. axillary and anogenital areas (groin) bearded region of male 2. Contains the same as eccrine gland secretions ( hypotonic filtrate of the blood= 99% water, with some salts NaCl, Vitamin C, antibodies, mibrobe-killing peptide dermcidin and traces of metabolic waste (Urea, uric acid, and ammonia)) Plus FATTY SUBSTANCES and PROTEINS 3. The secretions are odorless but when bacteria decomposes its organic molecules, it takes an unpleasant odor (BODY ODOR) 4. Not known clearly

Question 39

Eccrine Sweat glands 1) Locations 2) Secretions 3) Actions

Answer 39

1. Palms, forhead, sole 2. ( hypotonic filtrate of the blood= 99% water, with some salts NaCl, Vitamin C, antibodies, mibrobe-killing peptide dermcidin and traces of metabolic waste (Urea, uric acid, and ammonia). Acidic pH (4-6) 3. Cool down the body

Question 40

Ceruminous glands 1) Location 2) Content 3) Actions

Answer 40

1. Lining of the external ear canal 2. Sticky, bitter substance called CERUMEN (earwax) 3. To deter insects and block entry of foreign material

Question 41

Identify the parts and type of tissue

Answer 41

Stratified squamous epithelium keritinized ## Footnote With seabseous glands

Question 42

Parts of hair root

Answer 42

1. Medula 2. Cortex 3. Cuticle of the hair

Question 43

Parts of hair follicle

Answer 43

1. Internal root sheath 2. External root sheath 3. Dermal root sheath

Question 44

Parts of the bulb hair

Answer 44

1. Matrix 2. Melanocytes 3. Papilla of the hair 4. Blood vessels

Question 45

Parts of the nail

Answer 45

1. Nail root 2. Matrix 3. Cuticle 4. LUNULA = (small moon") is the visible part of the matrix. The whitish half moons are keratin cells that have not yet been completely flattened and still have some of their content. 5. Nail body

Question 46

Pigment for red hair

Answer 46

Trichosiderin

Question 47

Rule of nine for burns

Answer 47

1. Face or back of head = 4 1/2 % = total head = 9% 2. Anterior or posterior of arm = 4 1/2%; total arms = 18% 3. Anterior or posterior trunk = 18%; total trunk = 36% 4. Anterior or posterior legs = 9%; total legs = 36%

Question 48

Actinic Keratosis

Answer 48

1. Permalignant skin tumor 2. May progress to squamous cell carcinoma 3. thickened scaly growth (keratosis) caused by sunlight (actinic) 4. looks like aggregates of atypical keratinocytes at the basal layer that may extend upwards to involve the granular and cornified layers

Question 49

Permalignant skin tumor

Answer 49

Actinic Keratosis

Question 50

Basal cell carcinoma

Answer 50

1. Cells of stratum basale proliferate = invading dermis and hypodermis = skin cancer 2. Least malignant and most common 80% of cases 3. Slow growing and metastasis seldom

Question 51

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 51

1. Keratinocytes from stratum spinosum grow out of control. Dangerous type of cancer 2. 2nd most common skin cancer 3. Grows rapidly and metastasize in not removed

Question 52

Melanoma

Answer 52

1. melanocytes grow uncontrollable. Most dangerous type of cancer 2. highly metastitic and resistant to chemotherapy

Question 53

Reticular layer

Answer 53

1. Consists of dense irregular connective tissue, which differs from the papillary layer (PD), which is made up of mainly loose connective tissue (note the difference in the number of cells). 2. The reticular layer of the dermis is important in giving the skin it overall strength and elasticity, as well as housing other important epithelial derived structures such as glands and hair follicles.

Question 54

Finger prints

Answer 54

1. loop = 65% of all fingerprints 2. Arch = Plain and tented arch 3. Whorl = 30% of all fingerprints (one complete circle