1
Q
General characteristics of the Integumentary System:
A
- protective covering
- composed of several tissues
- maintains homeostasis
- retards water loss
- regulates body temperature
- houses sensory receptors
- contains immune system cells
- synthesizes chemicals (vitamin D)
- excretes small amounts of waste
- help synthesize vitamin D
- Keratinocytes
2
Q
produce substances which stimulate the development of white blood cells
A
keratinocytes
3
Q
active form
A
calcitrol
4
Q
aid in the development of bone and teeth
A
vitamin D
5
Q
Layers of skin:
A
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Subcutaneous layer
6
Q
- below the dermis
- not a true layer of skin
A
subcutaneous layer
*hypodermis
7
Q
made up of:
- loose connective tissue
- adipose tissue
- contains: some blood vessels
A
Subcutaneous Layer
8
Q
What is the function of the subcutaneous layer?
A
Insulates
9
Q
-Keritonized
-Lack blood vessels
Basement membrane
A
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
10
Q
where is simple squamous the thickest?
A
on the soles and palms (.8-1.4 mm thick)
11
Q
produce melanin
A
melanocytes (simple squamous epithelium)
12
Q
Layers of the epidermis:
A
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
13
Q
What are the two regions of the dermis:
A
- Papillary
- Reticular
14
Q
What is the dermis made up of?
A
Mostly connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
15
Q
- Dermal Papillae
- areolar tissue with elastic fibers
A
Papillary Region
16
Q
- deeper portion of the dermis
- has dense irregular connective tissue
A
Reticular Region
17
Q
Pigment released so it only covers superficial portion of keritanocytes
A
melanocytes
18
Q
General characteristics of dermis:
A
- bind epidermis to underlying tissue
- is about 1.0-2.0 mm thick
- includes nerve processes and sensory receptors, blood vessels, muscle tissue, hair follicles, and glands
19
Q
Structural basis of skin color:
A
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
20
Q
What leads to an increase in melanin production?
A
UV light stimulates enzymatic activity within the melanosome, leading to an increase in melanin production
21
Q
melanin-forming organelle in malanocytes
A
melanosome
22
Q
Yellow-orange pigment and a precursor to Vitamin A
A
Carotene
23
Q
When oxygenated it has a bright red color
A
Hemoglobin
24
Q
Lack of (functional) melanocytes
A
Albinism
25
Melanocytes die off slowly over time
Vitiligo
26
Not found on soles, palms, lips, nipples, external genetalia
Hair
27
What accounts for distribution and thickness of hair
genetics and hormones
*males have more hair because of testosterone
28
Structure of hair:
- Root
| - Shaft
29
Both the root and shaft are composed of:
Epithelial cells that are being keritonized
30
The hair follicle surrounds the:
root
31
The hair follicle is composed of:
- tube-like depression of epidermal cells into the dermis
| - in here we find the: papilla, root, shaft, dead, epidermis, melanin cells
32
The hair follicle is attached to the:
arrector pili muscle
33
A bulb is at the:
base of each follicle
34
The bulb houses the:
papilla
35
What does the papilla contain?
areolar tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and a germinal layer of cells
36
Hair color is primarily due to:
the amount and type of melanin in the keritonized cell
37
"True" melanin
Eumelanin
*Brown-Black colors
38
Where are melanocytes found?
in the matrix of the bulb
39
Dark hair is caused by:
lots of melanin
40
Blonde hair color is due to the presence of
Sulfur
41
Red hair color is due to the presence of
Iron
42
Not the "true" melanin
Phenomelanin
43
Four major types of glands:
- subaceous
- eccrine
- apocrine
- ceruminous
44
- simple, branched, acinar gland
- everywhere except palms and soles
- secretes sebum
sebaceous glands
45
- sweat glands that empty their contents onto the skin surface via pores and hair follicles
- exist as eccrine and appocrine
- originate in dermis or hypodermis
Suderiferous Glands
46
Two types of suderiferous glands:
- appocrine
| - eccrine
47
- Simple, coiled, tubular glands
| - produce swear (mostly water, salts, and urea)
Eccrine Gland
48
- Simple, coiled, tubular gland
- produces protein and lipid rich secretions
- Found in axillary and groin region
Apocrine Gland
49
Category 1, type 1:
Sebaceous Glands
50
Category 2:
Suderiferous
51
Type 2:
Eccrine
52
Type 3:
Appocrin
53
Type 4:
Ceruminus
54
- modified glands of the external ear
| - secrete earwax/cerumen
Ceruminous
55
- Functional only in women
| - Are modified sweat glands in men
Mammary Glands
56
Tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells:
nails
57
Parts of nails:
- Nail body
- Free edge
- Nail root
- Lanula
58
What type of skin is right underneath the nail?
epidermis (blood vessel)
59
Homeostatic regulation of body temp:
Thermoregulation
60
Pessure and temperature
Cutaneous Sensations
61
sense deep pressure
Pacinian corpulses
62
sense light touch
Meisner's corpulses
63
- in the stratum spinosum
| - immunity
Langernans cells
64
Functions of the skin:
- Protection
| - Excretion and absorption
65
protection from harmful UV rays:
pigments
66
Skin absorbs what kind of substances
hydrophobic
*Ex: Vitamins A, E, D, and K
67
Precursors to vitamin D are synthesized when the skin is:
exposed to UV radiation
68
Active form of Vitamin D
Calcitrol
69
Aids in the absorption of Ca++ from the small intestines
Calcitrol
70
Two types of wound healing:
- Epidermal wound healing (superficial)
| - Deep wound healing
71
occurs when a wound extends into the dermis or subcutaneous area
Deep Wound Healing
72
- epidermis
| - superficial partial-thickness
First Degree Burn
73
- Epidermis and section of dermis
| - deep partial-thickness
Second degree burn
74
-full-thickness
Third Degree Burn
75
tissue grafted from one area of a patient's body to another
Autograft
76
various "skin substitutes"
Allograft
77
What do scar creams do?
help inhibit the production of collagen fibers
78
Due to an overproduction of collagen fibers where a wound was healed
Hypertrophic Scar
79
Kind of scar that does not extend beyond the boundaries of a wound
Hypertrophic Scar
80
- Over-growth of collagen fibers
| - Extends beyond the boundaries of the would
Keloid Scar
81
The three tissues layers seen in the early embryo
the primary germ layers
82
8 weeks after fertilization, the cells are
simple, cuboidal (but become flattened)
83
Fetal cells arise from the ____
ectoderm
84
11 weeks after fertilization, the dermis is formed form the ____
mesoderm
85
hair follicles form
9-12 weeks after fertilization
86
fine hair
lanugo
87
Lanugo can be seen at:
5 or 6 months after fertilization
88
sudoriferous glands form ____
20 weeks after fertilization
89
mix of deep epidermal cell secretions from the sebaceous glands, and dead hair cells
vernix caseous
90
vernix caseous forms:
6 months
91
Amniotic Fluid is mostly
urine
92
As we age, collagen fibers:
stiffen, decrease in number, and break
93
As we age, elastic fibers:
lose elasticity and clump
94
As we age:
- sweat production diminishes
- melanocytes begin to dwindle
- subcutaneous fat is lost
- skin is thinner and harder to heal
