1
Q
bone to bone
A
ligament
2
Q
Largest joint in the body
A
knee/tibiofemoral joint
3
Q
What does the knee/tibiofemoral joint do?
A
Allows for flexion, extension, and some rotation
4
Q
The knee/tibeofemoral joint is ____ joints in one
A
3
5
Q
What type of joint is the tibeofemoral joint?
A
Synovial
6
Q
Between the patella and the femur
A
Femoropatellar Joint
7
Q
What type of joint is the Femoropatellar Joint?
A
Planar
8
Q
Between the femoral condyles and the semilunar cartilage of the tibia
A
Tibofemoral Joint
9
Q
What type of joint is the Tibeofemoral Joint?
A
Hinge (for flexion and extension)
10
Q
The knee joint is only partly enclosed by a ____
A
capsule
*Sides and posterior portion of knee
11
Q
The 3 anterior ligaments running from patella and tibia
A
- patellar ligament
- medial and lateral patellar retinacula
12
Q
muscle to bone
A
tendon
13
Q
The 3 anterior ligaments running from the patella and tibia are continuations of ____
A
the quadriceps tendon
14
Q
No less than ____ bursar are associated with the knee
A
12
15
Q
- Fuses with the capsule
- Stablizes the posterior aspect of the knee
A
Oblique popliteal ligament
16
Q
- Extends over the head of the fibula over the popliteus muscle
- Reinforces the joint capsule posteriorly
A
Arcuate popliteal ligament
17
Q
rungs from the medial epicondyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia
A
Tibial Collateral Ligaments
18
Q
Prevents lateral and medial rotation when knee is extended
A
Extracapsular fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
19
Q
What is an example of an extra capsular fibular and tibial collateral ligament?
A
-Tibial collateral ligament
20
Q
Intracapsular ligaments (cruciate ligaments)
A
- Anterior cruciate ligament
- Posterior cruciate ligament
21
Q
- Attaches to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia
- And attaches to the lateral condyle of the femur
- Prevents: sliding between tibia and fibia
- Prevents: hyperextension
A
ACL (Anterior cruciate ligament)
22
Q
- Attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia
- Attaches to the lateral side of the medial femoral condyle
- Prevents the: backward displacement of the tibia
- Prevents: forward sliding of femur
A
PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament)
23
Q
Refers to the range measured in degrees of a circle, through which a bone could be moved
A
range of motion
24
Q
factors affecting range of motion:
A
- Structure or shape of articulating bones
- Strength or tension of joint ligaments
- Arrangement and tension of muscles
- Apposition of soft parts
- Disuse
25
-ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
Sprain
26
Why do torn ligaments repair slowly?
poor vascularization
27
A complete tear of a ligament requires:
immediate surgery for readjustment or for a graft
28
tearing of menisci or articular cartilage due to high stress exercise
Cartilage Injury
29
Cartilage fragments that interfere with going movement are removed via:
arthroscopic surgery
30
A lack of a meniscus can:
limit the mobility of the knee
31
Body's way of immobilizing the joint
inflammation
32
when bones are forced out of alignment
Dislocation
33
Dislocation are often accompanied:
sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
34
Dislocations are "reduced" by:
returning the bones to their proper positions
35
torn ligament
Sprain
36
torn tendon
Strain
37
Hyaline cartilage has worn away (bone-exposed)
Osteoarthritis
38
By ____ everyone has some degeneration in elbow, knees, hips, and shoulders
80
39
Males tend to develop changes in:
the vertebral column
40
osteoarthritis is present in some form in most people:
over 70
41
- cartilage is worn away, at least at some points
- bone tissue thickens and forms spurs
- joint movement is restricted causing stiffness
- slow and irreversible
Osteoarthritis
42
- An autoimmune disease
| - Causes inflammatory cells to flood certain joints and release quantities of inflammatory chemicals
Rheumatoid arthritis
43
the synovial membrane thickens and erodes the cartilage
Rheumatoid Arthritis
44
scar tissue forms and ossifies, joining the articulating bones together, causing joint restriction and pain
Rheumatoid Arthritis
45
Breaks down the tissue at the joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis
46
A point of contract between two bones, bone and cartilage, and between bone and teeth
joint
47
the study of joints
Arthrology
48
The study of motion in the human body
Kinesology
49
Structural classification of joints is based on what criteria:
1. presence/absence of a space between the articulating bones (synovial cavity)
2. type of connective tissue that binds the bones together
50
Structural classification of joints:
1. Fibrous joints
2. Cartilaginous joint
3. Synovial joint
51
- bones held together by fibrous connective tissue
- collagen fibers
- no synovial cavity
Fibrous Joints
52
- Bones held together by cartilage
| - No synovial cavity
Cartilaginous Joints
53
- Have synovial cavity
- Joined by an articular capsule which contains a synovial membrane
- often have accessory ligaments
Synovial Joint
54
Space between articulating capsules
Synovial Cavity
55
Functional classification of joints:
1. Synarthrosis
2. Amphiarthrosis
3. Diarthrosis
56
An immovable joint
Synarthrosis
57
Slightly movable joint
Amphiarthrosis
58
A freely moveable joint
Diarthrosis
*Permit several types of movement
59
- Lack a synovial cavity
- Permit little/no movement
- Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue
- there are 3 types
Fibrous Joints
60
- joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
- interlocking edges decrease changes of breaking
- some are present in childhood but breaking ossify to form synostosis
Suture
61
When a suture breaks and ossifies
Synostosis
62
- A fibrous joint
- there is a greater space between the two articulating bones
- There is more fibrous connective tissue
Syndesmosis
*ex: Ligament between the bottom of fibula and tibia
63
-A fibrous joint where a cone shaped peg (teeth) fits into a socket
Gomphosis
64
3 types of Fibrous Joints:
1. Suture
2. Syndesmosis
3. Gomphosis
65
Two types of Cartilaginous Joints:
1. Synchondrosis
| 2. Symphasis
66
- A cartilaginous joint
| - The connecting material is hyaline cartilage
Synchondrosis
*e.g., cartilage joining the first rib and manubrium
67
2nd, 3rd, and 4th pair of ribs have _____
synovial cavity
68
- A cartilaginous joint
- the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but bones are connected by flat discs of fibrocartilage
- All occur at the midline of the body
- Amphiarthrotic
Symphysis
*pubic symphasis and intervertebral joings
69
- Have a space/synovial cavity between articulating joints
- covered by articular cartilage
- the articular cartilage surrounds a synovial joint and unites the articular bones
Synovial Joints
70
Most joints are:
synovial/diarthrotic
71
The articular capsule of a synovial joint is made up of two tissue layers:
1. fibrous layer
| 2. synovial membrane
72
- outer layer
| - usually dense, irregular connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum of the articular bones
fibrous layer of synovial joint
73
- inner layer of the articular capsule
| - made up of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers
synovial membrane of synovial joing
74
is vasularized and because it is it can bring nutrients to the articular cartilage by way of synovial fluid that it produces
synovial membrane
75
- is secreted by the synovial membrane
- creates a thin film over the surfaces
- is made up of hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid
- is a lubricant
Synovial Fluid
76
What is Synovial Fluid made of?
hyaluronic acid and instersitial fluid
77
What is the function of Synovial Fluid?
- brings: nutrients to the cartilage
- removes: wastes from cartilage
- contains: phagocytes
78
What happens to synovial fluid when a joint doesn't move for some time?
it becomes viscous
79
-saclike structure found in some joints to alleviate some friction
Bursae
*The number in any individual will vary
80
Bursae are filled with fluid similar to:
synovial fluid
81
Act as cushions
Bursae
82
Where are Bursae found?
between skin and bone, muscles and bone, and ligaments and bone
83
-Tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons where there is considerable friction
tendon sheaths
84
- occurs where tendons pass through the synovial cavity
| - occurs where there is a great deal of movment
tendon sheaths
85
outside of the articular capsule
extracapsular
86
within the articular capsule but the folds of the synovial membrane separate it from the synovial cavity
intracapsular
87
Pads of fibrocartilage that are between the meeting surfaces of bones and attached to fibrous capsule
articular discs/menisci
88
Allow bones of different shapes to fit together more securely
articular discs/menisci
89
direct the flow of synovial fluid to the areas of greatest friction
articular discs/menisci
90
synovial joints have many nerve endings at the:
anterior capsule and associated ligaments
91
veins remove:
Co2 and wastes
92
Types of Synovial Joints:
1. Planar
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Condyloid
5. Saddle
6. Ball and Socket
93
Arteries in the synovial membrane area bring in:
nutrients and oxygen
94
- Articular surfaces of these joints are flat or slightly curved
- usually permit side to side or back and forth gliding movements
Planar (plane) joints
95
The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone
-typically allow motion around a single axis
Hinge Joints
*Ulna/humerus
96
- Rounded/pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring of the other bone and a ligament
- Allows rotation around the longitudinal axis
Pivot Joints
97
-Convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into a corresponding depression on another bone
Condyloid Joints
*Metacarpal and phalanges joint
98
- The articular surface of one bone is sadde-shaped and the articular surface fits into this saddle
- are bi-axial
Saddle Joints
* Metacarpal and Trapezium
* femur
99
- Ball-like surface fitting into the cup like depression in the opposing bone
- are Multi-axial
Ball-and-Socket Joints
100
- Where flat bone surfaces move back and forth and side to side in relation to each other
- occurs at planar joints
Gliding
*Wave
101
- increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones
- main movments:
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
- lateral flexion
Angular
102
decrease in angle between articulating bones
Flexion
103
increase in the angle between articulating bones
*Often restores the body into anatomical position
Extension
104
Continuation of extension beyond anatomical position
hyperextension
105
the movement of a bone away from the middle
Abduction
106
The movement of a bone towards the middle
Adduction
107
- The movement of the distal end of the body part in a circle
- A continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
Circumduction
*e.g., moving the humorous in a circle
108
- Bones revolve around its own longitudinal axis
| - Pivot and ball-and-socket joints
Rotation
109
When the anterior surface of a bone is turned toward the midline
medial rotation
110
when the anterior surface of a bone of a limb is turned away from the midline
lateral rotation
111
upward movement
elevation
112
downward movement
depression
113
move part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane
protraction
114
move part of the body posteriorly in the transverse plane
retraction
115
movement of the soles medially at the inter tarsal joints so soles face each other
inversion
116
movement of the soles laterally at the inter tarsal joints so soles face away from each other
Eversion
117
The bending of the foot at the ankle or talocural joint in the direction of the dorsum
-toes point up toward nose
Dorsiflexion
118
bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar or inferior surface
-like a ballerina
Plantar Flexion
119
Movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints so palm is turned anteriorly
Supination
120
Movment of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joint so palm is turned posteriorly
Pronation
121
Movement of the thumb at the carpal metacarpal joint so the thumb crosses the hand and touches the fingertips of the same hand
Opposition
122
When do the radius and ulna cross?
Pronation
123
What type of joint is the shoulder?
Ball-and-socket joint
124
in the shoulder, the head of the humerus fits into the:
glenoid cavity
125
what is the fibrocartilage that deepens the glenoid cavity
Glenoid Labrum
126
The shoulder's joint mobility is aided by:
thin and loose articular capsule
127
Ligaments of the shoulder:
- Coracohumeral Ligament
| - Glenohumeral Ligament
128
- thickens the shoulder capsule
| - supports the weight of the upper limb
Coracohumeral Ligament
129
- Three of them
| - Slightly strengthen the front of the capsule
Glenohumeral Ligament
130
- 4 tendons
| - Encircles the shoulder joint and the articular capsule
Rotator cuff
131
Aid in the stability of the shoulder
tendons of the shoulder
132
What tendon does the most stabilizing for the shoulder joint?
the tendon of the head of the long head of the biceps brachii
133
- secures the head of the humerus to the glenoid cavity
- travels through the joint cavity
- runs within a portion of the humerus
the tendon of the head of the long head of the biceps brachii
134
Articulation of the humorous with the ulna and radius
Elbow Joint
135
Ulnar collateral and radial collateral ligaments restrict:
side-to-side movements
136
What establishes the hinge movement in the elbow?
articulation with the ulna's trochlear notch
137
head of radius rotates during
- supination
| - pronation
138
thin articular capsule
elbow joint
139
What type of joint is the Hip/Coxal Joint?
Ball-and-Socket Joint
140
The head of the femur fits into the:
acetabulum of the hip
141
fibrocartilage that deepens the acetabulum
Acetabular Labrum
142
Ligaments of the hip joint:
- Iliofemoral ligament
- pubofemoral ligament
- ischiofemoral ligament
143
strong anterior ligament of the hip joint
iliofemoral joint
144
traiangular thickening on the inferior part of the capsule in the hip joint
pubofemoral ligament
145
posterior ligament of the hip joint
ischiofemoral ligament
