INTELLIGENCE

Question 1

Intelligence is the general mental ability to:

Answer 1

• acquire knowledge
• think and reason effectively
• deal adaptively with the environment

Question 2

Sir Francis Galton- Hereditary Genius (1869)

Answer 2

• intelligence is hereditary
• first to quantify intelligence
• family trees
• nervous system: high pitched sounds/ colour perception
• sensory processes are not mental processes
• environment and life opportunities?

Question 3

Alfred Binet- Concept of mental age (1904)

Answer 3

• commissioned by Ministry of Education
• standardised interview based test

*does not allow for comparison

Question 4

William Stern- IQ (1912)

Answer 4

IQ= mental age/chronological age x 100

*less useful for adults

Question 5

Modern IQ Testing

Answer 5

• standardisation (M=100, SD=15)
• normal distribution
• 130+ genius
• <70 learning disability (mild, moderate, severe and profound)

Question 6

Stanford Binet

Answer 6

-Lewis Terman- mid 1920s

• too reliant on verbal skills
• single IQ score doesn’t give understanding
• revised version scores 5 different cognitive abilities

Question 7

Wechsler Scale (WAIS/WISC)

Answer 7

-WAIS-IV (2008) is the latest version
-4 index scales
-verbal comprehension index
-working memory index
-perceptual reasoning index
-processing speed index
=full scale IQ (FSIQ)

Question 8

Wechsler Scale (WAIS/WISC)-verbal comprehension index

Answer 8

• similarities
• vocab
• information
• comprehension

Question 9

Wechsler Scale (WAIS/WISC)- working memory index

Answer 9

• digit span
• arithmetic
• letter-number sequencing

Question 10

Wechsler Scale (WAIS/WISC)- perceptual reasoning index

Answer 10

• block design
• matrix reasoning
• visual puzzles
• figure weighs
• picture completion

Question 11

Wechsler Scale (WAIS/WISC)-processing speed index

Answer 11

• symbol search
• coding
• cancellation

Question 12

Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) 1938

Answer 12

*WAIS was criticised for being reliant on skills developed in Western culture

• assesses non verbal reasoning with increasingly difficult patterns -more culturally fair
• correlated positively with traditional IQ tests

Question 13

How to manage cross-cultural challenges in intelligence tests?

Answer 13

• create culturally specific tests

- create culturally independent reasoning problems

Question 14

Two Factor Theory - Charles Spearman (1927)

Answer 14

g= eternal intelligence

• positive manifold
• using factor analysis
• high loading tests:RPM

s=specific intelligence

Question 15

Two Factor Theory - Charles Spearman (1927)

Factor Analysis

Answer 15

extract underlying latent factors or components based on correlations between measured variables or items

e.g.
vocab and grammar under language
arithmetic and geometry under math

Question 16

Primary Mental Abilities -Thurstone (1938)

Answer 16

1. space
2. verbal comprehension
3. word fluency
4. number facility
5. perceptual speed
6. rate memory
7. reasoning

*practical for teachers to identify specific areas

Question 17

Crystallised and Fluid Intelligence

Cattell (1971) and Horn (1985)

Crystallised Intelligence

Answer 17

• previously acquired info, knowledge, skills
• long term memory required
• does not decline with age

Question 18

Crystallised and Fluid Intelligence

Cattell (1971) and Horn (1985)

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 18

• problems that can be solved by past
• working memory required
• declines with age

Question 19

Three Stratum Theory - Carroll (1993)

Answer 19

3-General- g factor

2- Broad- 8 factors-primary mental abilities and fluid and crystallised intelligence

1-narrow- specific tasks of cognitive ability

Question 20

IQ and life outcomes

Academic performance

Answer 20

• reading, writing, meths skills

- secondary (r=.6) and university (r= .3 -.5) grades

Question 21

IQ and life outcomes

Life success r=.5

Answer 21

• job performance on complex tasks (better predictor that job experience)
• income
• occupational prestige

Question 22

IQ and life outcomes

Health

Answer 22

• longevity
• development of other physical organs
• lifestyle choices
• access to better environment and support

Question 23

Uses of intelligence tests

Answer 23

• educational psychology
• application/ admission tests
• job selection
• clinical settings
• personal development
• research
• legal system

Question 24

Intelligence and Genes

Segal and Russell (1991)-twin study

Answer 24

-using WISC
-treatment is different
-MZ, r= .84-.88
DZ, r= .54-.60

Question 25

Intelligence and Genes Plamin et al (1997)-adoption study

Answer 25

-children's IQ more similar to biological vs adoptive parents

Question 26

Intelligence and Genes Haworth et al (2010)-cross cultural twin study

Answer 26

- 11,000 twins from USA, Australia, Netherlands, UK | - genetic influence increases overtime

Question 27

Intelligence and the brain McDaniel (2005) Pietschnig (2015)

Answer 27

- brain volume r=.3-.4 | - meta analysis of MRI studies

Question 28

Intelligence and the brain Jung and Haier (2007)

Answer 28

-frontal and parietal cortices

Question 29

Intelligence and the brain Narr et al (2007) Basten et al (2015)

Answer 29

-amount of grey matter

Question 30

Intelligence and the environment [accounts for 30-50% of variance in intelligence] Bouchard et al (1981,1990)

Answer 30

30% of IQ variance in children can be explained by shared environment.

Question 31

Intelligence and the environment [accounts for 30-50% of variance in intelligence] Schiff et al (1982,1986)

Answer 31

- socioeconomic status - adoption into middle-upper class - WISC competed at 10 - IQ correlates with families SES r=.4 (Lubinski,2004)

Question 32

Intelligence and early interventions | Head start

Answer 32

- compensate for limited learning environments - half a day at ate 4 =not a great outcome *was not intense enough

Question 33

Intelligence and early interventions Abecedarian Programme

Answer 33

-more intensive 6months-5 years =increase in intelligence in this group compare to controls

Question 34

Confounding variables

Answer 34

- persistence - motivation - interest - self efficacy - test anxiety 25-30% variance in academic an job performance explained by IQ.

Question 35

Definition is too narrow:

Answer 35

- manual practical problems - creative problems - physical problems - interpersonal problems

Question 36

Multiple Intelligences

Answer 36

Gardener (2003)

Question 37

Goleman (1995)

Answer 37

emotional intelligence accounts for more variance when predicting life success

Question 38

Mayer and Salovey (2004)- emotional intelligence test

Answer 38

- perceiving emotions: ability too recognise emotions in oneself and others - using emotions: using emotion to communicate in cognitive processes - understanding emotions: understand info and meaning - managing emotions: open to feelings and modulate to promote growth

Question 39

Emotional intelligence and predictors

Answer 39

Emotional intelligence and higher life satisfaction and subjective wellbeing. r=.4-.5 Emotional intelligence a strong predictor of wellbeing than IQ (mediated by SES).