PSYC1031 TERM 2 EXAM > PERSONALITY > Flashcards

PERSONALITY Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Personality

A
  • similarities and differences in people’s identities: patterns of behaviours, thoughts and feelings
  • understanding ousels and others by studying these comparisons
  • used to predict and explain patterns of response to life situations
  • somewhat consistent and enduring across lifetime and place
  • unique
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2
Q

Basis -Freud (1915)

A
  • personality is as a result of unconscious thoughts from early childhood
  • dynamic interplay of conflicting inner motivational forces to release psychic energy (libido)
  • worked with conversion hysteria patients
  • they improved when repressed memories are re-experienced
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3
Q

Mental events

A

Conscious: immediate awareness
Preconscious: not aware right now but is retrievable
Unconscious: wishes, feelings and impulses
-stores majority of mental events
-revealed the Freudian slip

Balance of the Ego, Superego and Id. Anxiety is caused by a conflict between the ego and id.

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4
Q

Defence mechanisms -Ego

A
  • unconscious mental operations that distort or deny reality
  • protect us short term
  • excessive use is bad and can cause mental problems
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5
Q

Defence mechanisms - repression

A

pushes impulses/memories into unconscious mind

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6
Q

Defence mechanisms -Denial

A

refusal to acknowledge anxiety arousing aspects

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7
Q

Defence mechanisms -Displacement

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impulse is repressed and directed at a safer substitute

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8
Q

Defence mechanisms -intellectualisation

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impulse is repressed and situation is dealt with as an intellectual event

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9
Q

Defence mechanisms -projection

A

impulse is repressed and attributes to other people

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10
Q

Defence mechanisms -rationalisation

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false explanation for behaviour or event that occurred

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11
Q

Defence mechanisms -Reaction formation

A

impulse is regressed ands psychic energy finds release in exaggerated expression of the opposite behaviour

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12
Q

Defence mechanisms -Sublimation

A

repressed impulse is released in the form of socially acceptable or admired behaviour

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13
Q

Psychosexual stages of development - basis

A
  • deprivation or over indulgence results in fixation

- regression during stressful situations

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14
Q

Psychosexual stages of development -Oral

A
  • birth
  • eating and sucking
  • self indulgence or dependency; drinking and smoking
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15
Q

Psychosexual stages of development- Anal

A
  • age 3
  • elimination (emptying bowls)
  • expulsive/disorganised if toilet training was relaxed
  • retentive/ organised if toilet training was harsh
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16
Q

Psychosexual stages of development - Phallic

A
  • age 4/5
  • Sexual (Opedipus and Electra complexes resolve through identification
  • vain, attention-seeking, or sexually aggressive
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17
Q

Projective tests

A
  • to uncover unconscious desires and rectify anxiety from the conflict between is and ego

Rorschach inkblot test: “What does this look like?

Thematic apperception test (TAT): interpret stories from ambiguous pictures

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18
Q

Limitations

A
  • untestable because so complex
  • lacks empirical evidence
  • tests are subjective and unreliable
  • biased towards European males
  • too much focus on sexuality
  • personality continues throughout life
  • too deterministic, no free will

other explanations:
Alfred Adler: inferiority complex
Carl jung: motivation forces

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19
Q

Theory

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A
  • positive side of psychology
  • innate drive towards self actualisation
  • freedom we have to guide personal growth
20
Q

Hierachy of needs -Maslow (1943, 1954)

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A 
Physiological
Safety
Belongingness
Self esteem
Cognitive
Self actualisation
21
Q

Self actualised people- peak experiences

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A

feelings of ecstasy, Harmony and deep meaning

22
Q

Self actualised people- efficient perceptions of reality

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A

judge situations correctly, in line with reality

23
Q

Self actualised people- continued freshness of appreciation

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A

renewed appreciation for life

24
Q

Self actualised people- acceptance of self, others and nature

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A

comfortable with flaws of self and others

25
Humanistic - Self actualised people- spontaneity
tackle problems and challenges in new ways rathe than hampered by convention
26
Humanistic - Self actualised people- some other characteristics
- task centring - autonomy - profound interpersonal relationships - comfort with solitude - non-hostile sense of humour - few friends - socially compassionate
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Humanistic - Person centred Theory-Rogers (1951)
- strive to becoming fully functional individuals - self concept: beliefs about who you are - need for self-consistency, to avoid conflicts between out self-perceptions - strive for congruency
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Humanistic - Rogers (1951) Congurency
congruency between ideal self and the perceived self : Congruency: self concepts match reality = self actualisation Incongruence: maladaptive= deny reality/ problems with living OR adaptive= modify self concept/ self growth (Bettie for this to be flexible)
29
Humanistic - Self perception profile questionnaires
Harter (1986, 2012) - assessed congruency though a discrepancy score - importance minus competence
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Humanistic - Innate psychosocial needs- Unconditional positive regard
- parents foster congruence and positive self concept - love child unconditionally - not attached to external factors of success
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Humanistic - Innate psychosocial needs- Conditional positive regard
- parents foster incongruence and negative self concept - love is dependent on behaviour - results in fluctuation of self esteem
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Humanistic - Innate psychosocial needs- 3 important elements
...that foster personal growth: - genuineness - acceptance (unconditionally) - empathy
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Humanistic - limitations
- too subjective - untestable, hard to examine scientifically - lower needs do not always have to be satisfied - biased sample on white European - hierarchy reflects Western values - extremely influential, inspired theories on wellbeing and motivation (Deci and Ryan's self determination theory)
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Personality Traits - theory
Behaviour is determined by traits: fundamental and relatively stable cognitive, emotional and behavioural category. - personality is a degree to which an individual possessed a particular dimension - we are all somewhere on the continuum - using psychometric tests
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Personality Traits - Lexical Approach
- important characterises should be commonly used and embedded in language - Allport and Obert (1936)- factor analysis- finds groups of variables that correlate with one another
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Personality Traits - Cattell's personality Factors (1946)
- rating scale - adjectives are clustered into traits - 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire e. g. warmth, liveliness, sensitivity, tension, privateness, abstractedness
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Personality Traits - Eyseneck's Two Factor Theory (1967)
-introversion-extraversion -neuroticism-stability = produces diverse personality patterns Revised questionnaire: Psychoticism: aggressive and impulsive vs cooperative and controlled * still too over simplistic
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Personality Traits - Five Factor Theory - Goldberg (1991), McCrae and Costa (2003)
- 5 factors each with six subtypes - measured using NEO-PI-R ``` OCEAN Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism ``` * metaanalysis highlights gender differences * varies across cultures
39
Personality Traits - Esyneck's (1967) Biological Theory
- 40% heritability - resting comical arousal patterns in rain are due to genetic variations We need to maintain optimal levels of arousal: Introverts: need to minimise overall arousal Extroverts: need to stimulate under-arousal Neurotic: sudden shifts in arousal Stable: gradual, less extreme changes
40
Personality Traits - Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory- Grey (1982)
Personality due to variations in sensitivity to reward and punishment. Behavioural approach system (BAS): sensitivity to rewards Behavioural inhibition system (BIS): sensitivity to punishment
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Personality Traits - Limitations
- only modest correlation between childhood and adulthood personality - low to moderate correlation between behaviour and emotions - doesn't account for situational factors and environment *showed us the value of identifying, classifying and measuring personality
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Behavioural and Cognitive Factors - theory
reciprocal determinism: dispositions, behaviours and environment all interact to influence each other
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Behavioural and Cognitive Factors - Locus of Control- Rotter(1966)
Degree of personal control over life. Internal: outcomes under out control External: outcomes due to external - acquired thought patterns of reinforcement (whether your efforts were rewarded with success or failure e.g. learnt helplessness) - harsh rather than worm parenting leads to E-LOC
44
Behavioural and Cognitive Factors - Self efficacy- Bandura (1997)
One's belief in ability to perform behaviours needed to achieve desired outcome. Determinants: - previous performance experiences - observable learning - verbal persuasion (feedback) - emotional arousal- interpretations and management of stress and anxiety
45
Behavioural and Cognitive Factors - Implications
- Motivation : I-LOC seek out info for success and behave in a more self determines manner - Academic achievement and success - Job and Athletic performance - Health and wellbeing : I-LOC better for management , E-LOC: associated with depression
46
Behavioural and Cognitive Factors - Limitations
- self efficacy scales do not identify underlying factors that determine self efficacy - high self efficacy may lead to negative outcomes - choices and motivations baed on other factors (personal values/ social norms) *strong scientific base bringing together two well established perspectives to explain personality
PSYC1031 TERM 2 EXAM
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