Intelligence and Language Development

Question 1

The Flynn Effect (2)

Answer 1

• widespread increases in IQ over time
• increased 3 points per decade over last hundred years/total increase of 30IQ points, but average remains around 100 due to revisions to accommodate new complexities of world

Question 2

Cause of Flynn Effect (2)

Answer 2

• increase in fluid IQ due to more access to education (graduation from high school)
• experience of more challenging socio-environmental issues (technology)

Question 3

Group and Contextual Differences in IQ: Low SES (2)

Answer 3

• accounts for many ethnic differences in IQ as ethnic minorities are commonly living in low SES conditions
• differences based on SES are not inborn: infants in low SES environments do not show any differences on measurements that can predict intelligence compared to high SES infants; differences come from growing up

Question 4

How does Low SES Contribute to Lower IQ?

Answer 4

• contribute to IQ through differences: culture, poor nutrition, poor living conditions, poor school resources, less intellectual stimulation, and poor life circumstances

Question 5

Habituation

Answer 5

• one way we can measure and predict intelligence

Question 6

Five Basic Components Underlying Language: Phenology (2)

Answer 6

• knowledge of sounds used in a given language

- learning how to detect, discriminate, and produce speech sounds

Question 7

Five Basic Components Underlying Language: Morphology (3)

Answer 7

• understanding ways sounds can be combined to form words
• sticking consonant and vowel sounds together (“d- + a = da”)
• infants learn that sounds can be combined in meaningful ways

Question 8

Five Basic Components Underlying Language: Semantics (2)

Answer 8

• meaning or context of words and sentences

- growing vocabulary signals increase semantic knowledge

Question 9

Five Basic Components Underlying Language: Syntax

Answer 9

• knowledge of structure of sentences

- rules by which words are to be combined to form sentences

Question 10

Five Basic Components Underlying Language: Pragmatics

Answer 10

• understanding how to use language to communicate effectively
• asking questions, communicating with adults and children

Question 11

Contextual Differences on Language Development: Poverty (5)

Answer 11

• less developed language skills
• less exposure to speech
• lower quality parent-child interactions
• increased household instability and disorder
• gets worse as children get older: word gap between children of high and low SES increases

Question 12

Poverty: Less Developed Language Skills

Answer 12

• fewer words, smaller variety of words, produce shorter utterances/sentences, less developed syntax (tense and plurals)

Question 13

Poverty: Less Exposure to Speech

Answer 13

• less language going on at home in general

Question 14

Poverty: Lower Quality Parent-Child Interaction

Answer 14

• less conversations, parents talk to child less, more simplistic speech, verbal directives ( talking at them, commands) vs interaction/conversations

Question 15

Poverty: Increased Household Instability

Answer 15

• change residences more often, caregivers come and go, cohabitation breakup, divorce
• lead to overstimulation and withdrawal from interactions