Moral Development

Question 1

Individual and contextual influences on moral development (2)

Answer 1

• gender differences

- culture

Question 2

Gilligan’s Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning: Care Orientation (2)

Answer 2

• desire to maintain relationships and responsibility not to cause harm
• female equivalent to conventional reasoning in males (behaviour is governed by concern for others; uphold rules and maintain social order)

Question 3

Gilligan’s Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning: Justice Orientation (2)

Answer 3

• based on abstract principles of fairness and individualism
• more masculine and is equivalent to post-conventional reasoning (behaviour is governed by abstract principles applied to individual rights; laws are flexible social contracts and can be violated given a unique situation)

Question 4

Prosocial behaviour (3)

Answer 4

• voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another
• society and parents encourage children to display this
• having sense of empathy

Question 5

Empathy (2)

Answer 5

• capacity to understand someone’s feelings

- develop in infancy; children comfort parents when they display distress to help ease distress

Question 6

Parents and Other Caregivers Influence on Prosocial Behaviour (3)

Answer 6

• influence prosocial behaviour by including children in household chores and caregiving activities
• all live together in household and must contribute to greater good of household, leads to positive contributions to society
• using appropriate language to express feelings which helps toddles understand emotions; warm and encouraging behaviour to model good behaviour

Question 7

Discipline (2)

Answer 7

• using variety of methods to socialize children toward acceptable behaviour
• is not equivalent to punishment

Question 8

Induction (4)

Answer 8

• discipline method based on reasoning and guidance: explaining why behaviour is wrong, emphasizing how behaviour affects others, and offering alternative behaviours that will positively affect others
• parents can model effective conflict resolution between selves or parent can model good behaviour will child or other siblings
• focus on behaviour and consequences rather than child’s characteristics
• helps child internalize rules and standards and supports prosocial behaviour