Biol 348 Anatomy > intergument > Flashcards

intergument Flashcards

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1
Q

Integument

A

the largest system of the body

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2
Q

The integument is made up of two parts

A
  1. Cutaneous membrane (skin)
  2. Accessory structures
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3
Q

2 parts of Cutaneous Membrane

A
  1. Epidermis (superficial)
  2. Dermis (deep to epidermis)
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4
Q

what type of tissue is the epidermis (superficial)?

A

Epithelial tissues (ectoderm)
-> stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized0

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5
Q

what type of tissue is the dermis (deep to epidermis)?

A
  • Connective tissues (mesoderm)
  • Superficial = papillary layer
  • Deep = reticular layer
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6
Q

what type of tissues is the hypodermis?

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • Superficial Fascia or Subcutaneous Layer
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7
Q

Accessory Structures

A

Originate in the dermis extend through epidermis
ex: hair, nails, exocrine glands

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8
Q

function of integument

A
  • protect (physical & chemically)
  • thermoregulation
  • immune defense
  • water resistance
  • metabolic regulation
  • storage
  • sensory
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9
Q

what is the function of integument help in metabolic regulation of body?

A

vitamin D3 production

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10
Q

specialized cells within epidermis

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • dendritic cells
  • Markel cells
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11
Q

what type of cells is most abundant in epidermis to produce keratin?

A

keratinocyte

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12
Q

which types of specialized cell in epidermis create melanin?

A

melanocytes

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13
Q

which type of specialized cell in epidermis produce immune system?

A

dendritic (Langerhans cells)

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14
Q

which type of specialized cell in epidermis related to nervous system, detect touch/pressure?

A

Merkel cells

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15
Q

2 types of skin

A
  • thin skin
  • thick skin
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16
Q

thin skin

A

–Covers most of the body
–Has four layers of keratinocytes

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17
Q

thick skin

A

–Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
–Has five layers of keratinocytes

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18
Q

five strata of keratinocytes (from basal lamina (deep) to free surface (superficial) )

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum*
  5. Stratum corneum
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19
Q

structure of stratum basale

A
  • epidermal ridges (form fingerprint)
  • dermal papillae
  • many basal cells
  • melanocytes
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20
Q

where does mitosis begin in stratum basale?

A

basal cells (germinative cells)

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21
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • continue to divide -> increase thickness of epithelium
  • contain dendritic cells
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22
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

–Cells stop dividing
–Start producing: Keratin and Keratohyalin
-eventually cells die

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23
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • “clear layer”
  • Found only in thick skin
  • Covers stratum granulosum
  • 3-5 layers of dead keratinocytes
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24
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

-the “horn layer”
* Exposed surface of skin
* 15 to 30 layers of dead keratinized cells
* Water resistant
* Shed and replaced every 2 weeks

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25
Keratinization (cornification)
The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin
26
what surface do not get keratinization?
eyes
27
how long does it take for keratinized stratum basale to stratum corneum?
15- 30 days
28
two types of pigment influence skin color
1. Carotene 2. Melanin
29
Carotene
–Orange-yellow pigment –Found in orange vegetables –Nonpolar –Converted to vitamin A
30
Melanin
–Yellow-brown or black pigment –Produced by melanocytes in stratum basale –Stored in vesicles - melanosomes –Keratinocytes incorporate by endocytosis
31
Function of Melanocytes
Melanin protects skin from sun damage
32
consequence of UV radiation
Causes DNA mutations and burns that lead to cancer and wrinkles
33
Skin color depends on ________ __________, not number of melanocytes
melanin production
34
disease caused by UV damage
Actinic keratosis – scaley sun damaged areas
35
skin cancers
–Basal cell carcinoma – #1 –Squamous cell carcinoma – #2 –Malignant melanoma – cancerous melanocyte
36
Blood contributes to skin color (conditions)
- erythema - cyanosis - pallor - hematoma
37
Erythema
blush/flush, reddish
38
cyanosis
low oxygenated blood, bluish tint
39
pallor
Pale, low blood flow to skin
40
Hematoma
Bruising, black->blue->green->yellow
41
disease and other skin color abnormalities
– Jaundice – Pituitary tumor – Addison’s disease – Vitiligo – Melasma etc. – Albinism
42
Jaundice
Yellow, first in the eyes
43
Pituitary tumor
Excess MSH
44
Addison’s disease
Bronzing
45
Vitiligo
Autoimmune destruction of melanocytes
46
Melasma etc.
Mask of pregnancy”
47
Albinism
Lack of melanin production
48
Epidermal cells produce cholecalciferol (____________) in presence of _______ _______
vitamin D3; UV radiation
49
vitamin D3 is converted into ______
calcitriol
50
disease associate with lack of vitamin D3
rickets
51
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
– Produced by glands (salivary and duodenum) – Used to grow skin grafts
52
Functions of epidermal growth factor (EGF)
– Promotes division of germinative cells – Accelerates keratin production – Stimulates epidermal repair – Stimulates glandular secretion
53
dermis located between ______ and __________ ______
epidermis and subcutaneous layer
54
where does the accesory structure anchor in skin?
dermis
55
2 components of dermis
1. Outer papillary layer 2. Deep reticular layer
56
which layer of dermis has dense irregular connective tissue?
recticular layer
57
which layer of dermis has areolar CT tissue?
papillary layer
58
Papillary Layer
–Contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons –Has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges
59
Reticular Layer
–Contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers –Contains collagen and elastic fibers –Contains CT proper
60
Dermatitis
inflammation of the papillary layer
61
what causes dermatitis? symptoms?
–Caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (e.g., poison ivy) –Characterized by itch or pain
62
what factors contribute to dermal strength and elasticity?
1. Collagen fibers- Provide flexibility 2. Elastic fibers- Limit the flexibility to prevent damage to tissue
63
Skin Damage
Sagging and wrinkles (reduced skin elasticity)
64
what factors cause skin damage?
* Dehydration * Age * Hormonal changes * UV exposure
65
stretch mark
- type of skin damage - Thickened tissue resulting from excessive stretching of skin
66
what cause stretch mark?
– Pregnancy – Weight gain
67
cleavage lines in dermis
collagen & elastic fiber in parallel arrangement, resist force in one direction
68
Cleavage (tension) lines establish important patterns
* A parallel cut remains shut, heals well * A cut across (right angle) pulls open and scars
69
hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
– Made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues – The site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles
70
Integumentary accessory structures
Hair, Hair Follicles, Sebaceous Glands, Sweat Glands, and Nails
71
The human body is covered with hair, except:
–Palms –Soles –Lips –Portions of external genitalia
72
Functions of Hair
–Protects and insulates –Guards openings against particles and insects –Sensory –Communication
73
Hair follicle
Surrounded by nerves
74
structure in hair follicle
- arrector pili - sebaceous glands
75
arrector pili
* Involuntary smooth muscle * Elevates hair - “goose bumps”
76
Sebaceous glands
* Lubricate the hair * Control bacteria
77
Regions of the Hair
- hair root - hair shaft
78
hair root
* Lower part of the hair * Attached to the integument
79
hair shaft
* Upper part of the hair * Not attached to the integument
80
what contribute to color of hair?
–Produced by melanocytes at the hair papilla –Determined by genes
81
types of hair
–Lanugo –Vellus hairs –Terminal hairs
82
Lanugo
Fine hair covers fetus
83
Vellus hairs
* Soft, fine peach-fuzz * Cover body surface
84
Terminal hairs
* Thick, Heavily pigmented * Head, eyebrows, and eyelashes * Other parts of body after puberty
85
Sebaceous Glands (oil glands)
* Holocrine glands * Secrete sebum
86
Sweat Glands
1. Apocrine glands 2. Merocrine glands
87
apocrine sweat gland
– Found in armpits, around nipples, groin, and anus – Secrete into hair follicles after puberty – Break down causes odors – Secretions in response to hormonal or nervous signals
88
Merocrine Sweat Glands
– Widely distributed on body surface – Discharge directly onto skin surface – 99% Water
89
function of merocrine sweat gland
* sensible perspiration * Excretes water and electrolytes * Flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin
90
Specialized Integumentary Glands
1. Mammary glands 2. Ceruminous glands
91
mammary glands
* Produce milk * modified apocrine sweat glands
92
Ceruminous glands
* Produce cerumen (earwax) * Protect the eardrum
93
which system have control over sebaceous and apocrine sweat gland?
nervous system
94
which factor control merocrine sweat gland?
- controlled independently - sweating occur locally
95
how does integument repair injury?
Fibroblasts produce scar tissue -> raised keloid may form
96
where can you find dendritic cell in epidermis?
stratum spinosum layer
97
which layer of epidermis can you find melanocyte?
stratum basale layer
98
which layer of epidermis can you find tactile (Merkel) cell?
Biol 348 Anatomy
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