urinary

Question 1

1. Which organ is not part of the urinary tract?
   A. Kidney
   B. Ureter
   C. Urinary bladder
   D. Urethra
   E. No exceptions; all of these organs are part of the urinary tract.

Answer 1

A. Kidney

Question 2

2. The average adult kidney weighs about 100 grams and measures about
   A. 12 cm long, 6.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick.
   B. 8 cm long, 4 cm wide, and 1.5 cm thick.
   C. 15 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 4.5 cm thick.
   D. 8 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick.
   E. 12 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, and 8 cm thick.

Answer 2

A. 12 cm long, 6.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick.

Question 3

3. Which is not a function of the urinary system?
   A. Regulation of blood volume
   B. Excretion of wastes
   C. Regulation of erythrocyte production
   D. Regulation of lymphocyte production
   E. Storage of urine

Answer 3

D. Regulation of lymphocyte production

Question 4

4. Which is not correct regarding the kidneys?
   A. The kidneys are retroperitoneal.
   B. The kidneys are surrounded by a fibrous renal capsule.
   C. The kidneys are cushioned and insulated by adipose tissue.
   D. The indented medial surface of the kidney is called the renal papilla.
   E. The kidney is composed of an inner renal medulla and an outer renal cortex.

Answer 4

D. The indented medial surface of the kidney is called the renal papilla.

Question 5

5. From deep to superficial, the protective layers on the kidney are the
   A. fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.
   B. renal corpuscle, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.
   C. renal fascia, paranephric fat, renal corpuscle, perinephric fat.
   D. renal fascia, perinephric fat, fibrous capsule, paranephric fat.
   E. fibrous capsule, paranephric fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat.

Answer 5

A. fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.

Question 6

6. An adult human kidney typically contains ______ renal pyramid(s).
   A. 2 to 5
   B. 8 to 15
   C. 16 to 24
   D. 1
   E. 30 to 40

Answer 6

B. 8 to 15

Question 7

7. Where are the renal pyramids located within the kidney?
   A. Renal cortex
   B. Renal sinus
   C. Renal pelvis
   D. Renal papilla
   E. Renal medulla

Answer 7

E. Renal medulla

Question 8

8. Urine formed in the pyramids must flow within the kidney to the ureter. Which structure is not part of
   the transport path within the kidney that carries urine to the ureter?
   A. Renal sinus
   B. Major calyx
   C. Renal pelvis
   D. Minor calyx
   E. No exceptions; all choices transport urine.

Answer 8

A. Renal sinus

Question 9

9. The first structure in the kidney to collect newly formed urine is the
   A. renal capsule.
   B. minor calyx.
   C. renal pelvis.
   D. renal sinus.
   E. renal cortex.

Answer 9

B. minor calyx.

Question 10

10. Blood vessels that make their way from the renal hilum to the renal cortex must travel through
    extensions of the cortex called renal
    A. trabeculae.
    B. pyramids.
    C. sinuses.
    D. columns.
    E. calyces.

Answer 10

D. columns.

Question 11

11. Which is the correct sequence of arteries that a drop of blood would flow through as it entered the
    kidney and moved toward a glomerulus?
    A. Segmental artery - interlobar artery - interlobular artery - renal artery - arcuate artery
    B. Interlobar artery - segmental artery - interlobular artery - renal artery - arcuate artery
    C. Renal artery - interlobar artery - segmental artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery
    D. Renal artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery
    E. Arcuate artery - interlobular artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - renal artery

Answer 11

D. Renal artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery

Question 12

12. Which is not correct regarding nephrons?
    A. The renal corpuscle includes the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule.
    B. The renal tubule is composed of the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted
    tubule.
    C. The nephron is the functional filtration unit in the kidney.
    D. Eighty-five percent of nephrons are cortical nephrons.
    E. The renal corpuscle may be located in the renal cortex or renal medulla.

Answer 12

E. The renal corpuscle may be located in the renal cortex or renal medulla.

Question 13

13. Which step(s) in the process of urine formation occur in the renal tubule?
    A. Filtration
    B. Secretion
    C. Reabsorption
    D. Filtration, secretion, and reabsorption
    E. Secretion and reabsorption

Answer 13

E. Secretion and reabsorption

Question 14

14. The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from other capillary networks in the body because they
    A. carry only deoxygenated blood.
    B. drain into an arteriole instead of a venule.
    C. contain no endothelium.
    D. absorb nutrients from the glomerular capsule.
    E. secrete mucus.

Answer 14

B. drain into an arteriole instead of a venule.

Question 15

15. Place the regions of the nephron in the correct order for the process of urine formation.
    a: Capsular space of glomerulus
    b: Nephron loop
    c: Collecting duct
    d: Distal convoluted tubule
    e: Proximal convoluted tubule
    A. a, c, b, e, d
    B. e, d, b, a, c
    C. b, e, c, d, a
    D. b, d, c, e, a
    E. a, e, b, d, c

Answer 15

E. a, e, b, d, c

Question 16

16. Which is not true of filtration and the structures that perform the process?
    A. The process occurs due to pressure differences across the filtration membrane.
    B. Filtrate collects in the capsular space before moving to the renal tubule.
    C. The visceral wall of the glomerular capsule consists of specialized cells called pedicels.
    D. The capillary endothelium of the glomerulus is fenestrated.
    E. Blood to be filtered enters the renal corpuscle at the vascular pole.

Answer 16

C. The visceral wall of the glomerular capsule consists of specialized cells called pedicels.

Question 17

17. Filtration occurs because
    A. the glomerulus is leaky.
    B. the afferent arteriole is wider in diameter than the efferent arteriole.
    C. the capillary wall is not completely ensheathed by the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.
    D. the filtration slits allow materials from the blood plasma to enter the capsular space.
    E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 17

E. All of the choices are correct.

Question 18

18. An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the
    A. renal artery.
    B. proximal convoluted tubule.
    C. efferent arteriole.
    D. distal convoluted tubule.
    E. afferent arteriole.

Answer 18

C. efferent arteriole.

Question 19

19. The active transport of solutes out of the blood and into the tubular fluid is called
    A. filtration.
    B. tubular reabsorption.
    C. tubular secretion.
    D. fenestration.
    E. diffusion.

Answer 19

C. tubular secretion.

Question 20

20. Which portion of the renal tubule is described as having simple cuboidal epithelium with only a sparse
    brush border of microvilli?
    A. Proximal convoluted tubule
    B. Distal convoluted tubule
    C. Ascending limb of nephron loop
    D. Descending limb of nephron loop
    E. Collecting duct

Answer 20

B. Distal convoluted tubule

Question 21

21. Which portion of the renal tubule reabsorbs electrolytes, plasma proteins, nutrients, vitamins, and
    water?
    A. Proximal convoluted tubule
    B. Distal convoluted tubule
    C. Ascending limb of nephron loop
    D. Descending limb of nephron loop
    E. Collecting duct

Answer 21

A. Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 22

22. Which gives the correct order for the structures through which newly formed urine is transported once
    it leaves the nephron?
    A. Collecting duct - collecting tubule - papillary duct - minor calyx
    B. Minor calyx - collecting tubule - collecting duct - papillary duct
    C. Papillary duct - collecting tubule - collecting duct - minor calyx
    D. Collecting tubule - collecting duct - papillary duct - minor calyx
    E. Collecting tubule - papillary duct - minor calyx - collecting duct

Answer 22

D. Collecting tubule - collecting duct - papillary duct - minor calyx

Question 23

23. How does aldosterone affect urine formation?
    A. Increases the reabsorption of sodium and water by the distal convoluted tubule
    B. Increases the secretion of sodium and potassium ions from the nephron loop
    C. Decreases the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions by the distal convoluted tubule
    D. Increases the secretion of water by all regions of the renal tubule
    E. Decreases the reabsorption of electrolytes, glucose, and plasma proteins by the proximal convoluted
    tubule

Answer 23

A. Increases the reabsorption of sodium and water by the distal convoluted tubule

Question 24

24. Which is not correct regarding the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
    A. The macula densa cells monitor electrolyte concentrations in tubular fluid.
    B. The macula densa cells are modified epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule.
    C. The juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the efferent arteriole.
    D. The juxtaglomerular cells release renin.
    E. Renin activates the renin-angiotensin pathway, resulting in aldosterone production.

Answer 24

C. The juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the efferent arteriole.

Question 25

25. Which does not enter or exit the kidney at the hilum? A. Renal artery B. Ureter C. Renal vein D. Renal plexus E. No exceptions; all choices enter or exit the kidney at the hilum.

Answer 25

E. No exceptions; all choices enter or exit the kidney at the hilum.

Question 26

26. Which is not correct regarding the innervation of the kidney? A. Parasympathetic innervation is from the vagus nerve. B. The kidney is served by the renal plexus. C. Sympathetic innervation is from segments T10–T12 of the spinal cord. D. Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction of the renal blood vessels. E. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the rate of filtrate formation.

Answer 26

E. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the rate of filtrate formation.

Question 27

27. Urine flow from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is produced by A. ciliary action in the renal pelvis. B. suction from the urinary bladder. C. peristalsis of the ureters. D. hydrostatic pressure from the small intestine. E. contraction of the detrusor muscle.

Answer 27

C. peristalsis of the ureters.

Question 28

28. Which layer is not found in the wall of the ureter? A. Adventitia B. Muscularis C. Mucosa D. Submucosa E. No exceptions; all layers are found in the wall of the ureter.

Answer 28

D. Submucosa

Question 29

29. The ureters A. are intraperitoneal. B. average 12 cm in length. C. are fibromuscular tubes. D. extend from the renal hilum to the anterolateral wall of the urinary bladder. E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 29

C. are fibromuscular tubes.

Question 30

30. What is the value of transitional epithelium in the urinary system? A. Its cilia help propel the urine. B. It can contract to produce peristalsis. C. It allows distension. D. It protects against trauma. E. It provides cushioning.

Answer 30

C. It allows distension.

Question 31

31. Where in the urinary tract is transitional epithelium found? A. Urinary bladder B. Urethra C. Ureters, urinary bladder, and prostatic urethra D. Ureters E. Ureters and urinary bladder

Answer 31

C. Ureters, urinary bladder, and prostatic urethra

Question 32

32. Which layer is not found in the wall of the urinary bladder? A. Adventitia B. Muscularis C. Mucosa D. Submucosa E. No exceptions; all layers are found in the wall of the urinary bladder.

Answer 32

E. No exceptions; all layers are found in the wall of the urinary bladder.

Question 33

33. Which is not correct regarding the urinary bladder? A. There are two ureteral openings. B. The inferior portion of the bladder is called the apex. C. The bladder is held in place by the median umbilical ligament. D. The mucosa has rugae for distension. E. The peritoneum covers only the superior surface of the bladder.

Answer 33

B. The inferior portion of the bladder is called the apex.

Question 34

34. The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is commonly called the _____ muscle. A. detrusor B. micturition C. trigone D. extrusor E. extrinsic

Answer 34

A. detrusor

Question 35

35. Micturition A. is another name for urination. B. is a reflex triggered by stretch receptors in the urinary bladder. C. requires the opening of two sphincters. D. requires contraction of the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder. E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 35

E. All of the choices are correct.

Question 36

36. Blood is supplied to the urinary bladder by branches of the A. internal iliac arteries. B. external iliac arteries. C. inferior mesenteric arteries. D. median sacral artery. E. deep ilial circumflex artery.

Answer 36

A. internal iliac arteries.

Question 37

37. Put the portions of the male urethra in the correct order, from the urinary bladder to the exterior. a: Spongy part b: Urethral orifice c: Prostatic part d: Membranous part A. b, c, a, d B. c, a, d, b C. b, c, d, a D. c, d, a, b E. b, a, c, d

Answer 37

D. c, d, a, b

Question 38

38. The external urethral sphincter A. surrounds the external urethral orifice. B. is composed of smooth muscle fibers. C. is controlled by the somatic nervous system. D. opens before the internal urethral sphincter during the micturition reflex. E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 38

C. is controlled by the somatic nervous system

Question 39

39. The spongy urethra A. is found only in males. B. is the longest portion of the urethra. C. is encased within the corpus spongiosum. D. is lined proximally by pseudostratified columnar epithelium and distally by stratified squamous epithelium. E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 39

E. All of the choices are correct.

Question 40

40. Which is not one of the changes in the urinary system due to aging? A. Reduced blood flow to the kidneys B. Decrease in number of functional nephrons C. Decreased response to aldosterone and ADH D. Decreased glomerular filtration rate E. Gradual increase in kidney size due to fluid retention

Answer 40

E. Gradual increase in kidney size due to fluid retention

Question 41

41. Of the excretory organs that form during development, which one ultimately forms the adult kidney? A. Mesonephros B. Metanephros C. Pronephros D. Renanephros E. Uretonephros

Answer 41

B. Metanephros

Question 42

42. Which is not of ureteric bud origin? A. Renal pelvis B. Collecting duct C. Minor calyx D. Distal convoluted tubule E. Ureter

Answer 42

D. Distal convoluted tubule

Question 43

43. The developing kidneys are able to produce and expel urine by week ______ of development. A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20 E. 25

Answer 43

B. 10

Question 44

44. The urethra and urinary bladder develop from a structure called the A. allantois. B. urachus. C. cloaca. D. urogenital sinus. E. urethral bud.

Answer 44

C. cloaca.

Question 45

45. The urinary and reproductive systems develop from A. mesoderm. B. ectoderm. C. endoderm. D. mesoderm and ectoderm. E. endoderm and ectoderm.

Answer 45

A. mesoderm.

Question 46

46. This figure shows a renal corpuscle. What structure does number 1 indicate? A. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) B. Collecting duct C. Nephron loop D. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) E. Papillary duct

Answer 46

D. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Question 47

47. This figure shows a renal corpuscle. What type of cell does number 2 indicate? A. Podocyte B. Pedicel C. Cuboidal epithelial cell D. Squamous epithelial cell E. Columnar epithelial cell

Answer 47

A. Podocyte

Question 48

48. This figure shows a renal corpuscle. The two structures indicated by number 3 collectively form the A. Macula densa B. Juxtaglomerular apparatus C. Corticomedullary junction D. Juxtamedullary junction E. Vasa recta

Answer 48

D. Juxtamedullary junction

Question 49

49. This figure shows a renal corpuscle. What structure does number 4 indicate? A. Efferent arteriole B. Renal artery C. Peritubular capillary D. Afferent arteriole E. Efferent venule

Answer 49

D. Afferent arteriole