1
Q
what is heredity
A
the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
2
Q
what is genetics
A
the scientific study of heredity AND variation in heredity
3
Q
what did gregor mendel document
A
discrete heritable units (genes) that were passed from one gen to the next
4
Q
who studied discrete heritable units (genes) that were passed from one gen to the next
A
gregor mendel
5
Q
what is the scientific study of heredity AND variation in heredity
A
genetics
6
Q
what the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
A
heredity
7
Q
what does molecular genetics study
A
structure and function of genes at the molecular level
8
Q
what is applied molecular genetics
A
using molecular genetics for research, conservation, management, and law enforcement (non-exhaustive list)
9
Q
what is classical genetics
A
the use of crosses to breed new strains of organisms and to understand how traits are transmitted
10
Q
what is an important tool in classical genetics
A
- the isolation of mutants affecting particular traits
- to then compare w normal strains
11
Q
what was generated using the isolation of mutants affecting particular traits compared w normal strains
A
the first genetic maps of genes on chromosomes
12
Q
how were the first genetic maps of genes on chromosomes generated
A
- w classical genetics
- by comparing mutations affecting a trait w normal strains
13
Q
what does this describe biological process -> identify mutants -> find the gene -> biochemical function
A
classical genetics
14
Q
true/false classical genetics is phenotype to genotype
A
true
15
Q
true/false classical genetics is genotype to phenotype
A
false
16
Q
true/false modern genetics is phenotype to genotype
A
false
17
Q
true/false modern genetics is genotype to phenotype
A
true
18
Q
describe the steps in classical genetics
A
- discover new phenotype
- show that it has a genetic basis (heritable)
- find the gene that has mutated
- understand what/how the wild-type gene functions
19
Q
what is the other name for modern genetics
A
reverse genetics
20
Q
what does modern genetics study
A
genes at the molecular level
21
Q
what has allowed modern genetics to differ from classical
A
- advances in…
- cloning
- sequencing of genes
- complete genomes
22
Q
Modern genetics has provided an enormous understanding about what
A
- the physical nature of genes
- their expression patterns
- their role in development and disease
- how their products interact
23
Q
______ (classical/modern) genetics is gaining traction in human health and forensics
A
modern
24
Q
describe the steps in modern genetics
A
- change smth in a known gene
- observe phenotypic effect
- find out why you see what you see
- understand what/how the wild type gene functions
in non-model organisms we often go directly from gene to phenotype
25
what law dictates the transmission of genetic info
- **law of segregation**
- also law of inheritance kinda
26
who first elucidated the laws of inheritance
gregor mendel
27
when did gregor mendel explain the laws of inheritance
1856-1863
28
describe mendels study on peas
- crossed white and purple flowered pea plants
- all F1 hybrids were purple
- then crossed the F1 hybrids w F2 plants w purple flowers
- he observed a ratio of 3:1, purple to white in F2 generation
29
how did Mendel explain the 3:1 inheritance pattern he observed in F2
- **law of segregation**
- inherited characteristics are determined by indivisible factors (**genes**)
- alternative versions of genes (**alleles**) account for variations in inherited characters
- for each characteristic, a diploid organisms inherits 2 alleles, 1 from each parent
- if the 2 alleles at a locus differ, then one (**dominant**) determines the phenotype, and the other (**recessive**) has no noticeable effect
- the 2 alleles separate (**segregate**) during gamete formation
30
what was mendels first law of inheritance
law of segregation
31
what was mendels second law of inheritance
law of independent assortment
32
describe the law of independent assortment
- mendel looked at 2 characteristics: seed colour (Y,y) and seed shape (R,r)
- crossed 2 true-breeding parents caused all F1 generation to be heterozygous for both (YyRr)
- a dihybrid cross (b/w 2 F1) can determine **whether 2 characters are transmitted to offspring as a package or independently**
- each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation
33
when does the law of independent assortment apply
- genes on diff chromosomes
- genes that are located very far apart on the same chromosome
34
when does the law of independent assortment *not* apply
genes located near each other on the same chromosome *tend to be inherited together*
35
**true/false** The relationship between genotype and phenotype is rarely as simple as in the pea plant characters Mendel studied
true
36
**true/false** generally, 1 gene =1 phenotype
false *rarely that simple*
37
what is it called when a character is determined by a single gene
one gene of large effect
38
what can be noted about that big table he showed us about genetic disorder that follow mendelian inheritance
- **most are recessive**
- so we're unlikely to acc get them
39
describe the structure of DNA
- a polymer of nucleotides
- each has a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group
40
who reported that DNA composition varies from species to the next and when
- Chargoff
- 1950
41
what are the Chargaff rules
1. the base composition of DNA varies between species
2. in any species, A=T, and G=C
42
what was the challenge after DNA was accepted as the genetic material
to determine how its structure accounts for its role in heredity
43
who studied the molecular structure of DNA and how
- Wilkins and Franklin
- x-ray crystallography
44
when did Franklin produce a photo of DNA
1952
45
how did Watson and Crick think that bases paired together
- like w like
- so A w A, T w T, etc
- but those pairings werent a consistent size w the xray data
46
what are the purines
- A
- G
47
what are the pyrimidines
- C
- T
48
who determined that A only pairs w T and G w C
watson and crick
49
who introduced a double-helix model of DNA and when
- watson and crick
- 1953
50
what is the most celebrated molecule of our time
DNA
51
how far apart is each base in DNA
0.34nm
52
what is the size (in nm) for a full loop of DNA
3.4 nm
53
what is the size (in nm) for the radius of a loop of DNA
1nm
54
how do genetic differences arise
- mutations
- recombination/ crossing over
- random fertilization
55
what are some mutations
- **change in genetic material**
- substitutions
- deletions
- insertions
- translocations
56
what is recombination/ crossing over
exchange of chromosomal material between homologous chromosomes at meiosis
57
what is random fertilizations
laws of segregation and assortment
58
when can spontaneous mutations occur
- **during DNA...**
- replication
- recombination
- repair
59
how many mutations are introduced to each human offspring
approx. 110
60
where do germline mutations occur
in gametes
61
why are germline mutations significant
cause they can be transmitted to offspring
62
where do most germline mutations come from
paternal line
63
where do soamtic mutations occur
in other cells of the body (not gametes)
64
why do somatic mutations not have as big of an effect on the organism
cause theyre just confined to the one cell and its daughter cells
65
**true/false** germline mutations can be passed to offspring
true
66
**true/false** somatic mutations can be passed to offspring
false
67
what is responsible for most of the variaiton that arises in each generation
behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization
68
The number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is what *(formula)*
2^n
where n is the haploid number
69
The number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is what *in humans*
- n=23
- so more than 8.4 million possible combinations of chromosomes
70
the fusion of 2 gametes produces a zygote w how many diploid combinations
70 trillion
71
what are mutagens
Physical or chemical agents that can cause mutations
72
describe how SARS-CoV2 spread
1. Spike protein on the virion binds to ACE2, a cell-surface protein
2. The virion releases its RNA
3. Some RNA is translated into proteins by the cell’s machinery
4. Some of these proteins form a replication complex to make more RNA
5. Proteins and RNA are assembled into a new virion in the Golgi
6. released
73
**true/false** SARS-CoV2 follows mendelian transmission
false
74
what parts of SARS-CoV2's spread do drug treatments usually target
1. the spike proteins
3. the er? idk
4. replication
75
what parts of SARS-CoV2's spread do antigen tests work
at the spike proteins
76
what parts of SARS-CoV2's spread do qPCR associate w
replication (cause qPCR is replication)
77
what parts of SARS-CoV2's spread do variants arise
replication
78
**true/false** Understanding patterns of inheritance and generation of variation is fundamental to its application
true
79
**true/false** databases are important for applying molecular genetics
true
80
Applied Molecular Genetics
flashcards
Decks in class (12)
# Cards
-
Intro + Overview80
-
DNA markers and platforms99
-
Wildlife frsc, conservation, non-human application98
-
Microbial genomics84
-
Non-human models for human applications63
-
Readings19
-
Human Genome Project79
-
New Sequencing + FRSC Applications54
-
Comparative genomics52
-
RNA expression and Forensic applications49
-
Methylation & Gene Editing50
-
Investigative Genetic Genealogy8
