AUBF 311 (LEC) > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

The practice of examining urine for diagnostic purposes.

A

Urinalysis

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2
Q

Defines it as the testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost effective manner.

A

CLSI

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3
Q

Two main types (H):

A
  1. Dipstick urinalysis (reagent strip)
  2. Basic urinalysis (routine)
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4
Q

Commonly performed in screening lab, physician offices, patient home testing.

[type]

A

Dipstick urinalysis (reagent strip)

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5
Q

reagent strip + microscopic examination

[type]

A

Basic urinalysis (routine)

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6
Q

Provides areal time “snapshot” of a person’s urinary tract and metabolic status.

[type]

A

Basic urinalysis

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7
Q

Most commonly performed U/A (B)

[type]

A

Basic urinalysis (routine)

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8
Q

Determines the level of substance in the urine (e.g. electrolytes, hormones, proteins, porphyrins etc.)

[urine assay]

A

Quantitative urine assay

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9
Q

Screening test.

[urine assay]

A

Qualitative urine assay

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10
Q

Detects the presence or increased amount of a substance.

[urine assay]

A

Qualitative assay

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11
Q

Urine form the latin word?

A

Urina

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12
Q

An ultrafiltrate of the plasma.

A

Urine

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13
Q

a “fluid biopsy” of the kidneys (brunzel).

A

Urine

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14
Q

A waste material the is secreted by the kidneys.

A

Urine

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15
Q

Contains most of the body’s waste products.

A

Urine

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16
Q

Urine is % of water?

A

95%

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17
Q

Formed elements and chemical constituents.

[urine composition]

A

5%

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18
Q

[5] Factors affecting urine composition.

A
  1. Dietary intake
  2. Physical activity
  3. Posture
  4. Metabolism
  5. Endocrine system
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19
Q

[2] Normal in Urine

A
  1. Urea
  2. Creatinine
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20
Q

Reflects an individual’s state of hydration.

A

Urine volume

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21
Q

[4] Affecting factors in urine volume.

A
  1. Hormonals variation
  2. Diet and weather
  3. Physical activity
  4. Pathologic condition
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22
Q

Normal urine volume (stras)

A

1200 to 1500 mL

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23
Q

Normal urine volume (henry)

A

600 to 2000 mL

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24
Q

It is the term that describes increase urinary output during the night. (pregnancy, PNH)

A

Nocturia

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25
It is the term for decreased urine output.
Oliguria
26
It is the term for cessation or stoppage of urine flow (<100mL/min for 2-3 days).
Anuria
27
[2] Possible causes of anuria
1. Severe renal damage 2. Obstruction (tumors/lithiases)
28
It is the term of increased urine output.
Polyuria
29
Urine specimens must be processed within how many hours after collection?
2 hours
30
A metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids, accounts for nearly half of the total dissolved solids in urine.
Urea
31
It is caused by a DEFECT either in the pancreatic PRODUCTION OF INSULIN or in the function of insulin, which results in an increased body glucose concentration. [diabetes]
Diabetes mellitus
32
Results from a decrease in the production or function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH); [diabetes]
Diabetes insipidus
33
It is also essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy tests and for evaluating orthostatic proteinuria.
First morning specimen
34
An increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine.
Nocturia
35
An increase in daily urine volume (greater than 2.5 L/day in adults and 2.5 to 3 mL/kg/day in children.
Polyuria
36
It is characterized by manifestation of Polyphagia. [diabetes]
Diabetes mellitus
37
Primary organic component. Product of protein and amino acid metabolism. [components of normal urine]
Urea
38
Product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cells. [components of normal urine]
Uric acid
39
PRIMARY INORGANIC COMPONENT. Found in combination with sodium (table salt) and many other inorganic substances [components of normal urine]
Chloride
40
Combined with chloride and other salts. [components of normal urine]
Potassium
41
A decrease in urine output.
Oliguria
42
An increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine is termed.
Nocturia
43
Combines with sodium to buffer the blood. [components of normal urine]
Phosphate
44
Oxidation or reduction of metabolites. [analyte]
Color
45
Bacterial growth and precipitation of amorphous material. [analyte]
Clarity
46
Bacterial multiplication causing BREAKDOWN OF UREA TO AMMONIA. [analyte]
Odor (increased)
47
Most commonly received specimen because of its ease of collection and convenience for the patient. [types of specimens]
Random specimen
48
IDEAL SCREENING SPECIMEN. It is also essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy tests and for evaluating orthostatic proteinuria. [types of specimen]
First morning specimen
49
To obtain an accurate timed specimen, the patient must begin and end the collection period with an empty bladder. [types of specimen]
24 Hour Specimen
50
This specimen is collected under sterile conditions by passing a hollow tube (catheter) through the urethra into the bladder. [types of specimen]
Catheterized specimen
51
Provides a safer, less traumatic method for obtaining urine for bacterial culture and routine urinalysis. [types of specimen]
Midstream Clean Catch Specimen
52
It provides a specimen that is less contaminated by EPITHELIAL CELLS and bacteria. [types of specimen]
Midstream Clean Catch Specimen
53
Occasionally urine may be collected by external introduction of a needle through the abdomen into the bladder. [types of specimen]
Suprapubic Aspiration
54
The specimen can also be used for CYTOLOGIC EXAMINATION.
Suprapubic Aspiration
55
Exposure to light/photo oxidation to biliverdin. [analyte]
Bilirubin (decreased)
56
Oxidation to urobilin. [analyte]
Urobilinogen (decreased)
57
Multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria. [analyte]
Nitrite (increased)
58
Loss of motility, death [analyte]
Trichomonas (decreased)
59
Bacterial growth in an unpreserved specimen will:
Clarity (decreased)
60
Volatilization and bacterial metabolism. [analyte]
Ketones (decreased)
61
Cessation of urine flow (damaged kidneys or decrease blood flow to kidneys).
Anuria
62
Strong bacterial agents that should NOT be use in Midstream Clean-Catch Specimen.
Hexachlorophene or providone-iodine
63
[3] Pre and Post Massage test
1. clean catch midstream specimen 2. after prostate massage 3. post-massage specimen of GREATER THAN 10 TIMES the pre-massage count → significant bacteriuria
64
more than 10 or 20 WBCs/HPF – ABNORMAL
Prostatic secretions
65
Discovery of albuminuria by boiling urine in 1694 [history]
Frederik Dekkers
66
Methods of quantitating the microscopic sediment. [history
Thomas Addis
67
Introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination in 1827. [history]
Richard Bright
68
For glucose det and sediment preservation. Interferes acid ppt for proteins. [urine preservatives]
Thymol
69
For CHON and formed elements. No Routine UA interference except pH (pH 6,bacteriostatic) at 18g/L, affects drug and hormones analyses. [urine preservatives]
Boric acid
70
No routine UA interference. FLOATS ON SURFACE and clings to glasswares. [urine preservatives]
Toluene
71
Glycolytic agent. Good for drug analysis. [urine preservatives]
Na Fluoride
72
May cause odor change. Use 1drop/ounce of specimen. [urine preservative]
Phenol
AUBF 311 (LEC)
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