Introduction

Question 1

What are the steps in the research process?

Answer 1

• Review prior research and literature
• Develop a research question/hypothesis
• Develop study design
• Obtain ethical approval
• Collect data
• Analyze data
• Document findings in research report

Question 2

What are the 4 levels of quantitative data?

Answer 2

• Nominal
• Ordinal
• Interval
• Ratio

Question 3

What is an example of nominal data from the notes?

Answer 3

Handedness (Left, Right, Mixed)

Question 4

What is an example of ordinal data from the notes?

Answer 4

Placing in a race (1st, 2nd, 3rd)

Question 5

What is an example of interval data from the notes?

Answer 5

Temperature

Question 6

What is an example of ratio data from the notes?

Answer 6

Height

Question 7

What is the purpose of experimental designs?

Answer 7

To observe differences between two groups/conditions

Question 8

What is an example of an experimental question from the text?

Answer 8

Is there a difference in happiness score between those who report liking or disliking chocolate?

Question 9

What is the purpose of correlational designs?

Answer 9

To observe potential relationships between two continuous variables

Question 10

What is an example of a correlational question from the text?

Answer 10

Is there a relationship between chocolate consumption per week and intelligence?

Question 11

What is the goal of qualitative designs?

Answer 11

To distinguish categories and themes from text-based data

Question 12

What is an example of a qualitative question from the notes?

Answer 12

What are the main difficulties individuals addicted to chocolate experience when discontinuing chocolate consumption?

Question 13

In the experimental chocolate study example, what is the independent variable?

Answer 13

Whether or not an individual likes chocolate

Question 14

In the experimental chocolate study example, what is the dependent variable?

Answer 14

An individual’s happiness score

Question 15

What is reliability in a study?

Answer 15

Is the variable being measured being measured consistently?

Question 16

What type of data is the “Happiness score” in the experimental chocolate study example?

Answer 16

Continuous data

Question 17

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 17

The ability for different researchers to consistently code and analzye data

Question 18

What is a null hypothesis (H0)?

Answer 18

The prediction that no effects will be found

Question 19

What is test-retest reliability?

Answer 19

The ability for findings to be consistent at more than one point in time

Question 20

What is an alternative hypothesis (H1)

Answer 20

The prediction that effects will be found

Question 21

What is a one-tailed hypothesis?

Answer 21

An alternative hypothesis (H1) that specifies the direction of the predicted effects (positive, negative)

Question 22

What is internal consistency?

Answer 22

Items on the same scale/test are consistently measuring the same construct and not different things

Question 23

What is a two-tailed hypothesis?

Answer 23

An alternative hypothesis (H1) that does not specify the direction of effects

Question 24

What is an example of a two-tailed hypothesis in the experimental chocolate study?

Answer 24

Happiness scores will differ based on whether or not a participant likes chocolate

Question 25

What is validity in research?

Answer 25

Discerning whether or not one is actually measuring what they intend to measure

Question 26

What is construct validity?

Answer 26

The methods of measurement are actually measuring the intended variable

Question 27

What is internal validity?

Answer 27

The study's design prevents other factors from being able to explain the results

Question 28

What is external validity?

Answer 28

The study's findings are generalizable to the population beyond the sample

Question 29

What is ecological validity?

Answer 29

The study's findings can be replicated in real-world scenarios, if relevant

Question 30

What is the role of information sheets, consent, and debriefing in ethics?

Answer 30

* Information Sheets: Define purpose of study and procedures * Consent: Inform individuals' right to voluntarily provide or withdraw consent to participate * Debriefing: Review the study, Explain findings, Identify risks, Provide contact information for researchers and support

Question 31

What is deception in research?

Answer 31

* Active Deception: Intentionally misleading participants * Passive Deception: Excluding some information to participants

Question 32

What is the 'right to withdraw' in ethics?

Answer 32

A participants' ability to withdraw consent at any time without penalty

Question 33

How should data be handled to protect participants' privacy?

Answer 33

Anonymity in data, Storing data securely

Question 34

What is the typical structure of a psychological report?

Answer 34

* Abstract * Introduction * Methods * Results * Discussion * Appendices and References

Question 35

How is a statistic typically presented in APA style?

Answer 35

*statistic* (df) = X.XX *p* = 0.XXX

Question 36

How should journal references be formatted in APA style?

Answer 36

(Last Name), Initials. (Year). Title of work. Title of Journal, Volume, Pages. doi: DOI.

Question 37

What are 3 questionable research practices?

Answer 37

* HARKing: Hypothesis After Results are Known * p-hacking: Running multiple, tweaked analyses of data until reaching significant findings * File-Drawer Problem: Studies without significant findings go unpublished

Question 38

What is the replication crisis?

Answer 38

Questionable research practices are resulting in difficulty/inability for other studies to replicate them, contributing to concerns about reliability and validity in research findings

Question 39

What are the intentions of open science practices?

Answer 39

* Maintain integrity of studies * Keep research data, findings, and materials openly accessible * Promote collaboration among researchers

Question 40

What are examples of open science practices?

Answer 40

* **Pre-registration**: Research proposals are submitted and approved for publication before the study occurs; if approved, study will be published regardless of significant findings * **Open-data sharing**: Making research data publicly accessible to be able to receive feedback and verification

Question 41

What is operationalization?

Answer 41

Clearly defining a variable based off of an abstract concept and specifying the method of measurement

Question 42

What is an example of operationalization in an experimental study?

Answer 42

* **Construct**: Anxiety levels of incarcerated individuals * **Operationalized variable**: Trait and State Anxiety over the course of (x) amount of time using STAI-T and STAI-S scales * **Measurement Method**: Measured through questionnaires (STAI-T and STAI-S) at different points in time throughout the study duration

Question 43

What are confounding variables?

Answer 43

Unmeasured variables that can have an effect on results

Question 44

What are methods of data collection in qualitative studies?

Answer 44

Surveys, Interviews, Focus Groups

Question 45

What are the different types of construct validity?

Answer 45

* **Concept Validity**: Measurement covers all aspects of the construct * **Convergent Validity**: Whether other variables of the same construct can be correlated to what is being measured * **Divergent Validity**: Whether the operationalization is accidentally measuring something from an unrelated construct