IQ2 cell replication

Question 1

what are stem cells

Answer 1

the undifferentiated cells that are usually found in the bone marrow as well as the brain, heart, skin and other major organs.

have 2 functions
- make new stem cells
- to differentiate

Question 2

examples of what stem cells may differentiate into

Answer 2

red blood cells
cardiac cells
enterocytes
fat cells
neuron

Question 3

cell specialisation

Answer 3

occurs after differentiation where the cellular function stimulates - starts performing its needed function

Question 4

two types of cell division

Answer 4

mitosis
meiosis - meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

Question 5

mitosis

Answer 5

From one parent cell forms two new identical daughter cells where each contains exactly the number of chromosomes (diploid = 2n) and genetic material as the parent

Question 6

mitosis stages

Answer 6

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

Question 7

purpose of mitosis

Answer 7

asexual reproduction
maintain genetic copy of the og cell
growth
repair during healing

Question 8

meiosis

Answer 8

A type of cell division that only occurs in the reproductive cell (egg or sperm) that involves one parent forming 4 daughter cells (gametes) where each contains half the number of chromosomes (n = haploid) of the parent

Question 9

stages of meiosis

Answer 9

Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Cytokinesis 1

Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
Cytokinesis 2

Question 10

purpose of meiosis

Answer 10

sexual reproduction
produce gametes
increase genetic variation
offsprings are unique from parents

Question 11

what are daughter cells also classified as

Answer 11

haploid cells
2 in mitosis
4 in meiosis

Question 12

how does meiosis increase genetic variation?

Answer 12

• crossing over
• random segregation
• independant assortment of chromosomes
• production of haploid gametes

Question 13

whats cell replication

Answer 13

the process where the genetic material is replicated during the process of cell division. Hence, cell replication correlates with cell division. This occurs right at the beginning of cell division when homologous chromosomes are produced

Question 14

dna molecules in the body

Answer 14

1.deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
2. ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Both carry genetic materials that enable them to produce substances such as proteins.

Question 15

DNA

Answer 15

a double-helix structure that resembles a twisted ladder, storing the genetic information. It’s made of two long chains of nucleotides, which are linked by a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside and paired nitrogenous bases on the inside

Question 16

Nitrogenous bases

Answer 16

Adenine (30%) - Thymine (30%)
Guanine (20%) - Cytosine (20%)

Question 17

how does dna mutation occur?

Answer 17

when a cell replicates, the dna in the nucleus and cytoplasm has to be replicated exact but if not, mutation will occur and base pairs may be substituted, ultimately causing genetic disorders

Question 18

what happens if theres an incorrect base pairing?

Answer 18

there is a ‘repair enzyme’ called DNA Polymerase I, that recognises the mismatched base pair, cuts out the the incorrect DNA sequence with minimal impact then replaces it with the correct base