IRAN

Question 1

Word #1

Answer 1

Submission

Question 2

Legitimacy

Answer 2

All 3 together - a bit shaded together legitimacy types

Question 3

Word #2

Answer 3

Synthesis

Question 4

Word #3

Answer 4

Duality

Question 5

Zoroastroianism

Answer 5

struggle between good and evil / truth and lies

Question 6

The First Synthesis

Answer 6

The fusion of Zoroastrianism and imperial politics fostered a bureaucratic government style (positive rule, not forceful)

Question 7

BIG Change / Second Synthesis

Answer 7

Change: Arab conquest of Persia caused the decline of Zoroastrianism

SS: Islam was not crazy because Persians were used to monotheism, but the big culture shock was the reliance on religious leaders, not shahs

OVERALL: Intro. to Islam

Question 8

Comparative Corner

Answer 8

Both Iranians and Russians “submit” to authority and authoritarian strength

Question 9

Reza Shah Pahlavi (Pahlavi Dynasty)

Answer 9

• focused on the previous Persia before the Arabic transformation
• changed name to Iran in 1935
• industrial reform; first railroad system
• constitutional monarchy
• military; iron fisted
• questions of legitimacy

Question 10

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi - “The Shah”

Answer 10

• took the throne in 1941
• Secular

Question 11

Operation Ajax

Answer 11

• UK and US covert forces staged a coup against Iran PM since they were concerned that he was too communist leaning
• Ensured Western control of Iran’s [petroleum] (stopped USSR from competing for it)

Question 12

Operation AJAX Concerns

Answer 12

Shah’s regime was full of corruption and political prisoners, and that was the person the Western World was supporting - not real legitimacy

Question 13

Ayatollah

Answer 13

ranking title in Islamic world for those proficient in Islamic studies - Shi’ah restrictions

Question 14

Ruhollah Khomeini

Answer 14

The leader of the Shah opposition who returned from exile in France to lead the Iranian Revolution

Question 15

Iran Revolution Basics

Answer 15

Ayatollah Khomeini’s supporters overturned the Shah’s power and was successful since the military was not 100% loyal to Shah

Question 16

Iran Revolution Significance

Answer 16

Iranians approved a nation referendum where Iran became an Islamic Republic (Theocracy)

Question 17

Fate of the Shah

Answer 17

Was not in Iran during the Revolution but only found safety in Egypt since no country wanted to foster him. The “friendships” with the US slowly died. He died.

Question 18

Iran Iraq War

Answer 18

• Iraq invaded Iran because of border disputes
• no one benefitted and it was not worth the death for the outcome

Question 19

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei

Answer 19

2nd Supreme Leader
- was President until Khomeini’s death
- Muslim cleric

Question 20

Supreme Leader

Answer 20

• both executive and judiciary powers
• he is the link between the other branches
• lifetime appointment
  -unelected

POWERS:
- “determine the interests of Islam”
- can dismiss elected President
- directs TV
- appoints a lot of people

Question 21

Guardianship of the Jurist

Answer 21

not a democracy, but designed to embrace the will of Allah (to be the will of the people but ALSO the will of Allah)

• Khomeini expanded this guardianship

Question 22

Expediency Discernment Council

Answer 22

• advisory council to the S.L.
• picked by the S.L every 5 years
• currently 35 members
• meets in secret to initiate legislation and resolve conflicts between the elected Majlis and unelected Guardian Council

Question 23

Elected Government

Answer 23

• President
• Majlis (Legislation)
• Assembly of Religious Experts

Question 24

Unelected Government

Answer 24

• Supreme Leader
• Expediency Council
• Guardian Council
• Judiciary
• Cabinet
  -Bonyads
  -Revolutionary Guard (Military)

Question 25

Guardian Council

Answer 25

- 12 member council - 6 year term, system where half is changed every 3 years - interprets the Islamic constitution - Approves/vetos Majlis legislation - Approves candidates for elected office "Guards the Islamic Constitution in Government"

Question 26

Guardian Council (Membership Requirements)

Answer 26

6 must be faqihs (experts on Islamic Law appointed by S.L.) and 6 must be elected by Majlis after Chief Justice recommendation

Question 27

Bonyads

Answer 27

Charitable religious organizations (tax exempt) - massive employer that has extensive policy influence - directors appointed by S.L. - take donations and do shady stuff with it - "helps the regime, not the poor" - corruption and spoils system

Question 28

President

Answer 28

-Head of Government - 4 year term, 2 term max - appoints VP and Cabinet - must be approved by S.L. and the Guardian Council - Supervises the economy - proposes legislation and budgets - appoints governors and mayors - must be Iranian born and nationality - good clean record - APPROVED

Question 29

Council of Ministers (Cabinet)

Answer 29

selected by the President with legislative approval - S.L. has some control over appointments to the more sensitive ministries

Question 30

Majlis (Islamic Parliament)

Answer 30

- 290 members - unicameral - 4 year term, no term limit - enacts secular law - approves/removes cabinet - appoints half of Guardian Council - can approve budgets and treaties - NOT INDEPENDENT