IT

Question 1

Define periodontitis.

Answer 1

Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. It presents clinically as attachment loss (CAL), radiographically assessed alveolar bone loss, periodontal pocketing, and gingival bleeding. If untreated, it may lead to tooth loss but is generally preventable and treatable.

Question 2

What is the difference between the 1999 and 2017 classifications of periodontitis?

Answer 2

The 1999 Classification divided periodontitis into ‘chronic’ and ‘aggressive’ and did not integrate peri-implant diseases. The 2017 Classification combined chronic and aggressive into one category: ‘periodontitis’, added peri-implant diseases, introduced staging and grading, and established a clear diagnostic pathway.

Question 3

What are the stages of periodontitis?

Answer 3

Staging classifies the severity of the disease at presentation and the complexity of its management into four categories: Stage I (Initial), Stage II (Moderate), Stage III (Severe), and Stage IV (Advanced).

Question 4

Describe Stage I periodontitis.

Answer 4

Stage I: Initial periodontitis with interdental clinical attachment loss (CAL) of 1-2mm and radiographic bone loss (RBL) limited to the coronal third (<15%) of the root. No tooth loss due to periodontitis.

Question 5

Describe Stage II periodontitis.

Answer 5

Stage II: Moderate periodontitis with interdental CAL of 3-4mm and RBL extending to the coronal third (15%-33%) of the root. Tooth loss due to periodontitis is ≤4 teeth.

Question 6

Describe Stage III periodontitis.

Answer 6

Stage III: Severe periodontitis with interdental CAL ≥5 mm and RBL extending to the middle third of the root and beyond. Tooth loss due to periodontitis is ≥5 teeth.

Question 7

Describe Stage IV periodontitis.

Answer 7

Stage IV: Advanced periodontitis with interdental CAL ≥5 mm and RBL extending to the middle third of the root and beyond. Requires complex rehabilitation due to various factors.

Question 8

What is the grading system for periodontitis?

Answer 8

Grading provides supplemental information about the biological features of the disease, including the rate of progression. Grades are A (Slow), B (Moderate), and C (Rapid) based on specific criteria.

Question 9

What is the primary objective of the First Step in the treatment of Stage I-III Periodontitis?

Answer 9

The primary objective is to guide patient behavior and control risk factors through interventions like oral hygiene instructions and professional mechanical plaque removal.

Question 10

What are the treatment guidelines for Stage IV Periodontitis?

Answer 10

Stage IV treatment includes initial steps from Stage I-III and additional measures for complex demands, such as temporary control of secondary occlusal trauma and rehabilitation of function.

Question 11

Is resin infiltration clinically efficient?

Answer 11

Yes, resin infiltration shows clinical efficiency with significant relative risk reductions in lesion progression for proximal lesions over 7 years.

Question 12

How does cavity contamination affect bonding efficiency?

Answer 12

Cavity contamination negatively affects bonding efficiency, with specific effects depending on the adhesive used. Prevention is ideal, as there is no universal decontamination protocol.

Question 13

Are pre-heated composites better than non-heated ones?

Answer 13

Pre-heating composites can improve handling properties, reduce viscosity, and achieve better conversion and hardness without negatively affecting polymerization.

Question 14

Do modelling liquids affect the properties of resin composites?

Answer 14

Modelling liquids and dental adhesives used as modelling liquids perform similarly in most properties, but specific compositions can influence outcomes.

Question 15

Should self-adhesive resin composites be recommended?

Answer 15

Self-adhesive flowable composites generally show lower bond strength compared to conventionally bonded restorations and should be used with an additional adhesive system.

Question 16

Does glycerin prevent the oxygen inhibition layer (OIL) on the composite surface?

Answer 16

Glycerin can prevent OIL formation, but polishing is crucial for OIL removal and is more important than the means used for OIL prevention.

Question 17

What is the Oxygen Inhibition Layer (OIL)?

Answer 17

A resin-rich, poorly polymerized layer on the composite surface.

Question 18

What can help prevent the Oxygen Inhibition Layer (OIL)?

Answer 18

Glycerin and using a matrix.

Question 19

What is crucial for OIL removal according to studies on Vickers surface hardness?

Answer 19

Polishing.

Question 20

What is the approximate relative risk reduction (RRR) in lesion progression for proximal caries treated with resin infiltration after 84 months?

Answer 20

c) 80%

Question 21

Which cavity contaminant prevents micromechanical retention due to its components?

Answer 21

c) Saliva

Question 22

What is the best option for preventing cavity contamination?

Answer 22

c) Employing a rubber dam.

Question 23

What beneficial effect does pre-heating resin composites have?

Answer 23

Reduced viscosity and film thickness.

Question 24

What percentage higher degree of conversion (DoC) can preheated composite achieve compared to room temperature composite after 30 seconds?

Answer 24

b) 2-4% higher DoC

Question 25

What influences the effects of modelling liquids according to current literature?

Answer 25

The composition of both the modelling liquids and the resin composite.

Question 26

Self-adhesive composites show consistently lower bond strength compared to what?

Answer 26

c) Bonded restorations.

Question 27

What is the clinical recommendation for using self-adhesive flowable composites?

Answer 27

c) They should be used with an additional adhesive system to improve bonding efficiency.

Question 28

What is the approximate prevalence of denture-associated stomatitis in complete denture wearers?

Answer 28

c) 67%

Question 29

What cleaning method is recommended for complete dentures?

Answer 29

Soaking and brushing with an approved cleaning solution.

Question 30

What is the first step in using the Denture Cleaning Index (DCI)?

Answer 30

Rinse the denture to remove loose debris.

Question 31

What is the recommended recall frequency for complete denture patients?

Answer 31

At least yearly.

Question 32

What should edentulous patients do regarding their oral mucosa once dentures are removed?

Answer 32

Brush their gums daily with a soft toothbrush.

Question 33

What is a key difference in cleaning recommendations for flexible partial dentures versus metal partial dentures?

Answer 33

Proprietary cleaners are recommended for flexible partial dentures.

Question 34

What is the recommended recall frequency for implant overdenture patients?

Answer 34

Every 6 months.

Question 35

What type of floss should be avoided when cleaning around dental implants with fixed bridgework?

Answer 35

Superfloss.

Question 36

What are two important instructions for patients using denture adhesives?

Answer 36

Use only three or four small pea-sized drops and completely remove adhesive daily.

Question 37

What strategy encourages complete denture patients to attend regular dental exams?

Answer 37

Offer ultrasonic cleaning and polishing of their dentures during maintenance visits.

Question 38

Why are older patients at risk of not meeting their nutritional requirements?

Answer 38

Due to dental problems, reduced appetite, and social isolation.

Question 39

How many serves of vegetables and legumes are recommended daily for older adults over 70?

Answer 39

5 serves.

Question 40

Why is a functioning dentition critical for older patients?

Answer 40

It is essential for effective chewing and digestion.

Question 41

What is the general impact of complete edentulism on body weight for older Australians in residential aged care?

Answer 41

It is associated with lower body weight due to difficulty eating.

Question 42

What dental problem can lead to reduced taste perception in older patients?

Answer 42

Xerostomia.

Question 43

What is one tooth-friendly diet message for patients?

Answer 43

Combine dairy products with meals to enhance remineralization.

Question 44

What additional intervention is necessary to improve food and nutrient intake for denture wearers?

Answer 44

Dietary intervention (counseling).

Question 45

What advice should be given to new denture wearers regarding chewing?

Answer 45

Limit chewing for the first few days to allow tissues to adjust.

Question 46

What additional intervention is necessary to improve food and nutrient intake for denture wearers?

Answer 46

Dietary intervention (counselling) is necessary to improve food and nutrient intake, as improving masticatory function alone does not guarantee better intake.

Question 47

What is one piece of advice for new denture wearers regarding food consumption?

Answer 47

Limit chewing for the first few days to allow tissues to adjust, and consume nutritious fluids.

Question 48

What is another piece of advice for new denture wearers regarding food consumption?

Answer 48

Start with soft/moist foods after 2-3 days, cut foods into small pieces, and chew slowly.

Question 49

What physiological change related to aging affects nutrition?

Answer 49

Anorexia of aging: alterations in neurotransmitters and hormones affect the central feeding drive and peripheral satiety system.

Question 50

What is one impact of decreased lactase in older adults?

Answer 50

It leaves older people at risk of lactose intolerance, leading to avoidance of dairy and increased risk of osteoporosis.

Question 51

What dietary factor from Edna's history could negatively impact her oral health?

Answer 51

Regular consumption of sugary items increases caries risk due to fermentable carbohydrates.

Question 52

What is another dietary factor from Edna's history that could negatively impact her oral health?

Answer 52

Minimal intake of main meals and lack of variety may indicate a preference for softer, processed foods that contribute to caries and nutrient deficiencies.

Question 53

Approximately what percentage of older Australians living in care and within the community are malnourished?

Answer 53

c

Question 54

What is a common physiological change in older adults that can put them at risk for malnutrition?

Answer 54

Delayed gastric emptying.

Question 55

What is the recommended daily intake of milk, yoghurt, cheese, and alternatives for women over 70 years of age?

Answer 55

d

Question 56

What is a potential impact on diet for older patients with minimal functioning dentition?

Answer 56

Difficulty meeting nutritional requirements with a modified textured diet.

Question 57

Why is holding fluids in the mouth advised against for new denture wearers?

Answer 57

It can decrease the retention of dentures.

Question 58

What is a symptom of 'Dysgeusia'?

Answer 58

An alteration of taste sensitivity for foods previously enjoyed.

Question 59

Why do receptors in the taste buds require liquids in the context of dry mouth?

Answer 59

For the flavors to bind.

Question 60

Why might thickened fluids be problematic for patients suffering from dysphagia?

Answer 60

They are difficult to swish around the mouth, leading to excess retention of foods.

Question 61

What age group is the Mini Nutritional Assessment Tool (MNA) validated for?

Answer 61

Individuals over 65 years.

Question 62

What is a key piece of nutritional advice for elderly patients?

Answer 62

Choose 1 or 2 small goals to assist with overall nutrition and dental health.