Japan

Question 1

What are 3 reasons that Japan’s FR is so low?

Answer 1

• culture that promotes singleness
• working women: high-tech industries, jobs may be affected by having children
• traditional views on marriage
• children are expensive

Question 2

What % of births in Japan are outside of marriage?

Answer 2

2%

Question 3

What 3 things could Japan do to increase FRs and reduce issues associated with ageing population?

Answer 3

• technology to improve efficiency of older population
• increased immigration
• encouraging marriage and babies

Question 4

What % of Japan’s population are born outside of Japan?

Answer 4

2%

Question 5

How much debt does Japan have?

Answer 5

£7 trillion

Question 6

What is Japan’s dependency ratio?

Answer 6

71%

Question 7

How much of Japan’s population is expected to die in the next 25 years?

Answer 7

1/3

Question 8

What is Japan’s FR?

Answer 8

1.34

Question 9

What is Japan’s population (2023)?

Answer 9

123 million

Question 10

What is Japan’s population expected to be in 2050?

Answer 10

100 million

Question 11

How has an ageing population impacted Japan’s character?

Answer 11

• infrastructure changes; fewer schools, increase in care homes/hospitals
• attitudes and society
• leisure activities catered towards older people

Question 12

What is Japan’s population expected to be in 2100?

Answer 12

85 million

Question 13

When did women have to return to work in Japan? Why?

Answer 13

1990s, real estate bubble bust

Question 14

What is Genki?

Answer 14

idea of health and happiness in Japan, a healthy attitude and culture

Question 15

How has Japan’s changing demography impacted geopolitics?

Answer 15

• Japan trying to maintain economic and political status
• armed forces, decrease in security especially with threats from China

Question 16

What % of Japan’s population live in Urban areas?

Answer 16

92%

Question 17

What has happened post-WW2 that has changed Japan’s society?

Answer 17

Westernisation, increase in ideas of nuclear families, and also women working

Question 18

What % of Japan’s population are economically active?

Answer 18

58%

Question 19

What % of the elderly live with their children?

Answer 19

65%

Question 20

What is the expected shortfall of healthcare workers in 2050?

Answer 20

370,000

Question 21

What % of GDP is spent on pensions? Elderly healthcare?

Answer 21

10% Pensions
21%

Question 22

How much has life expectancy increased by since the 1960s?

Answer 22

16.5 years

Question 23

Why is Japanese life expectancy so high?

Answer 23

reduced communicable diseases and cardiovascular diseases because:
- improved housing
- rising prosperity
- public health interventions (Health Japan 21)
- universal health insurance system

Question 24

What is Health Japan 21?

Answer 24

national health promotion movement, tackling underlying causes of NCDs and health inequality

Question 25

How much did Japan spend on healthcare, in 2018 per capita?

Answer 25

US$4766 (higher than OECD average)

Question 26

How is per capita health expenditure different between 80-year olds and 20 year olds?

Answer 26

for an average 80 year old, spending per capita is 11 x higher than for an average 20 year old

Question 27

How much does the WHO predict spending on healthcare will rise in Japan, due to an ageing population?

Answer 27

predict a 2.59 percentage point rise in health expenditure as a share of GDP, between 2020 and 2060

Question 28

What is a downside of japan Health 21?

Answer 28

only 17% targets achieved in first term

Question 29

What may be a positive of the ageing population?

Answer 29

increase in jobs in private healthcare settings

Question 30

What are the economic costs of an ageing population?

Answer 30

- fewer workers in future - higher taxes, as higher dependency ratio

Question 31

What has japan done to try increase FRs?

Answer 31

- reduce costs associated with having children - no tuition fees for preschools (3-5yr olds) as of 2019