Joints

Question 1

Name the three types of joints?

Answer 1

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

Question 2

State the range of movement that can occur with each type

Answer 2

Fibrous: bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue. Little or no movement e.g. sutures between cranial bones
Cartilaginous: allow a small amount of movement. Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage e.g. epiphysial plates, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
Synovial Joints: Freely moving joint e.g pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane, and ball-and socket-joints

Question 3

Name two types of synovial joints

Answer 3

• Elbow
• Hip joint
• Knee joint

Question 4

State the function of the synovial membrane

Answer 4

• To produce synovial fluid

Question 5

State four functions of synovial fluid

Answer 5

• reduces friction between the cartilages by lubricating the joint. (so prevents heat production & wearing away of joint)
• Absorbs shocks
• Supplies the cartilage with O2 & nutrients removes CO2 & other wastes
• Contains phagocytes that remove microbes & debris

Question 6

Describe two homeostatic imbalances that occur at synovial joints

Answer 6

Sprains

Dislocations

Question 7

Describe Flexion?

Answer 7

– A decrease in the angle between articulating bones

Question 8

Describe Extension?

Answer 8

– An increase in the angle between articulating bones

Question 9

Describe Hypertension?

Answer 9

• Extension beyond the anatomical position.

Question 10

Describe Abduction?

Answer 10

• Movement of a bone away from the midline

Question 11

Describe adduction?

Answer 11

• Movement of a bone toward the midline

Question 12

Describe Circumduction?

Answer 12

• Movement of the distal end of a part of the body in a circle

Question 13

Describe Dorsiflexion?

Answer 13

• Flexing the foot at the ankle

Question 14

Describe Planta flexion?

Answer 14

• Extending the foot at the ankle

Question 15

Describe Inversion?

Answer 15

• Medial movement of the sole of the foot.

Question 16

Describe Eversion?

Answer 16

• Lateral movement of the sole of the foot.

Question 17

Describe Pronation?

Answer 17

• Rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly

Question 18

Describe Supination?

Answer 18

• Rotating the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly

Question 19

What makes up the elbow joint?

Answer 19

• The elbow joint is formed by the humerus, radius and ulna

Question 20

What makes up the knee joint?

Answer 20

• The knee joint is formed by the femur, tibia, patella.

Question 21

What movements does the knee joint make?

Answer 21

• Flexion & extension, slight rotation

Question 22

What movements are produced by a ball and socket joint?

Answer 22

• Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction

Question 23

Describe a ball and socket joint?

Answer 23

• A ball that fits into a cup-like a socket

Question 24

What makes up the shoulder joint?

Answer 24

• The shoulder joint forms between the glenoid cavity of the scapula & the head of the humerus

Question 25

Explain why the hip joint is more stable than the shoulder joint?

Answer 25

- The hip joint forms between the acetabulum of the pelvis & the head of the femur. - extremely stable joint - due to deep socket (acetabulum) and strong capsule/accessory ligaments and muscles

Question 26

Describe three age-related changes that occur with joints?

Answer 26

- Decreased production of synovial fluid - Thinning of the articular cartilage resulting in osteoarthritis - Loss of ligament length and flexibility - Degeneration of knees, elbows, hips & shoulders is evident in most people aged 80.

Question 27

Describe the specific changes that occur with osteoarthritis?

Answer 27

- A degenerative joint disease characterized by deterioration of articular cartilage and bone spur formation - Non-inflammatory and primarily affects weight-bearing joints

Question 28

Explain the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 28

Osteoarthritis occurs when the smooth cartilage joint surface wears out. Osteoarthritis usually begins in an isolated joint. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease, which means that the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body instead of intruders