Skeletal System

Question 1

State six functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

• Provide support as a structural framework and attachment for tendons and ligaments
• Protect the internal organs (brain, heart lungs, etc.)
• Assist body movements (in conjunction with muscles)
• Store and release calcium and phosphorus
• House the red bone marrow which produces blood cells
• Store triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow

Question 2

Name the two divisions of the skeleton?

Answer 2

• Axial Skeleton

- Appendicular Skeleton

Question 3

State the specific function for the Axial Skeleton?

Answer 3

The axial skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body & consists of the skull, rib cage and vertebral colunm

Question 4

State the specific function for the Appendicular Skeleton?

Answer 4

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the forelimbs and pelvis. It provides mobility for manipulation & locomotion

Question 5

Name the 5 types of bones?

Answer 5

• Long bone
• Short bone
• Sesamoid bone
• Flat bone
• Irregular bone

Question 6

Name the cranial bones?

Answer 6

• Parietal Bone
• Frontal bone
• Occipital bone
• Temporal Bone

Question 7

Describe the collective function of the cranial bones?

Answer 7

Enclosed & protect the brain. The outer surface of the cranial bones provides attachment for muscles that stabilize & move the head.

Question 8

Name the four major facial bones?

Answer 8

• Nasal bone
• Zygomatic bone
• Maxilla bone
• Mandible

Question 9

State three functions of the paranasal sinuses

Answer 9

• Reduce the weight of the skull
• Help to resonate vocal sounds
• Are lined with mucous membranes that humidify & warm air.

Question 10

State three functions of the vertebral column

Answer 10

• Transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs
• Surrounds & protects the spinal cord
• Provides attachment points for the ribs & muscles of the back & neck.

Question 11

• Name the five sections of the vertebral column and state the number of vertebrae in each section

Answer 11

• Cervical vertebra (7)
• Thoracic vertebra (12)
• Lumbar vertebra (5)
• Sacrum (5 fused)
• Coccyx ( 4 fused)

Question 12

Name the four normal curves of the vertebral column

Answer 12

• Cervical curvature
• Thoracic curvature
• Lumbar curvature
• Sacral curvature

Question 13

Name and describe three abnormalities of spinal curves?

Answer 13

Kyphosis – A dorsally exaggerated thoracic curve. Most common in older females with osteoporosis
Lordosis – Accentuated lumbar curve. May be caused by increased weight in the anterior of the body
Scoliosis – Lateral curvature of thoracic region. More common in females, often occurs in later childhood.

Question 14

Describe the difference between the vertebral foramen and the intervertebral foramen

Answer 14

• Vertebral foramen contains spinal cord

- intervertebral foramen provides the entry & exit of the spinal nerves

Question 15

State the location and function of the intervertebral discs?

Answer 15

• Located between adjacent vertebrae

- Absorbs the compressive force and permits movement of the vertebral column

Question 16

State three functions of the thoracic cage?

Answer 16

• Protects heart, lungs & great blood vessels
• Supports the shoulder girdles & upper limbs
• Provides attachment points for muscles of the neck, back, chest & shoulders

Question 17

Label the landmarks of the sternum?

Answer 17

• Suprasternal notch
• Manubrium
• Sternal angle (Angle of louis)
• Body
• Xiphoid process

Question 18

State the number of ribs?

Answer 18

12 pairs of ribs

Question 19

Explain the difference between true and floating ribs?

Answer 19

• First 7 pairs of ribs attach to sternum via costal cartilages (true ribs)
• 11th & 12th pair are ‘floating ribs’ because their cartilages are embedded in the muscles of the lateral body wall

Question 20

State the function of the clavicle and scapula?

Answer 20

• The clavicle transmits the mechanical force from the upper limb to the trunk
• The scapula forms the shoulder joint with the humerus, provides a point of attachment for muscles, contains the glenoid cavity

Question 21

Describe the function of the glenoid cavity?

Answer 21

• The glenoid cavity is a shallow socket for the head of the humerus

Question 22

In sequence from proximal to distal name (and label) the bones of the upper limb (arm)?

Answer 22

• Humerus, ulna & radius, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges

Question 23

State the function of the pelvis?

Answer 23

• Pelvis provides strong/stable weight-bearing support

Question 24

Label the bones of the pelvis?

Answer 24

• Hip bone
• Sacrum
• Sacroiliac
• Coccyx
• Pelvic brim
• Acetabulum
• Public symphysis

Question 25

Name the two joints of the pelvis?

Answer 25

Joints are pubic symphysis (anteriorly) & sacroiliac joints (posteriorly)

Question 26

Describe four differences between the male and female pelvis?

Answer 26

Male: Larger & heavier, larger muscle attachments, Pubic arch <90degrees, pelvic brim narrow & heart shaped, pelvis narrow and deeper Female: Smaller &tighter, pubic arch >90 degrees, pelvic brim wider and more oval, pelvis wider & shallower (to allow for birth of baby

Question 27

In sequence from proximal to distal name (and label) the bones of the lower limb (leg)?

Answer 27

Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 28

State the location of the calcaneus bone?

Answer 28

In the heel