What are joints?
Articulations between adjacent parts of skeleton
The skeleton is made up of _ and _
Bones & cartilage
What are some functions of bones?
- Support & protection of organs
- Red blood cell production
- Calcium metabolism
- Attachment for skeletal muscle
Bones are harder than cartilage.T/F?
True
Cartilage is found at articulations (joints) where _ is required
Mobility
Movement of the skeleton occurs at _
Joints
What are the 3 types of joints?
- Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
What is the order of thes joint types from most mobile (least stable) to least mobile (most stable)?
- Synovial
- Cartilaginous
- Fibrous
What are the three types of fibrous joints and where is each type found?
Fibrous- limited mobility, quite stable
- Syndesmoses
- a fibrous membrane that unites bones with fibrous sheet
- Eg interosseus membrane- found in the membrane sheet between fibia and tibula
- Partially movablable
- Sutures-
Found between bones of Skull
- Eg coronal, sagittal suture
- Highly stable
- Fontanelles
Wide sutures of the neonatal skull- this allows sliding of the growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipatl bones over each other
What are the two types of Cartilaginous joints?
- Primary
- Secondary
What are primary cartilaginous joints also called? eg
Synchondroses- Bones which are joined to Hyaline cartilage
Allows ossification & fusion
What are secondary cartilaginous joints also called? Eg?
Symphesis- strong slightly movable
Eg intervertebral discs
The secondary cartiiaginous joints are found in the outer and inner layer of the intervertebral discs, What are they called?
- Outer- Annulus fibrosus
- Inner- Nucleus pulposus- soft centre
Each disc allows small degree of movement in all directions
Synovial joints are formed by two or more bones articulating with each other. T/F?
True
Articular surfaces of synovial joints are covered by what?
Hyaline cartilage
A _ wraps around the joint for added protection
Capsule
Synovial joints contain joint _ which secrete _ fluid.
Cavity & fluid
Fluid- cushions, nourishes, lubricates
Synovial joints are supported by _
Ligaments
Also associated with skeletal muscles, their tendons and bursae
What are the five subtypes of Synovial joints?
- Plane- minimal movement in one plane
- Hinge- reasonable movement in one plane
- Bi-axial- reasonable movement in 1 plane and less so in another
- Pivot- more than 45 degree “shake of head” rotation
- Ball & Socket- good range of muti-axial movement
What is the full range of movement in ball & socket joints knwon as?
Circumduction- eg in shoulder, hip
What is subluxation and disloaction?
Subluxation- Reduced area of contact between two articular surfaces
Disloaction- full loss of contact between two articular surfaces.
The TMJ is a synovial joint, an articulation between the _ superiorly and the _ inferiorly
Temporal bone & Condylar process of the mandible
What is the physical effect of the disloaction of the TMJ?
Patients mouth is wide open, cannot be closed
Dislocations can be uni or bilateral
Chin remaining in Midline- bilateral dislocation
