how many lobes are found in the breast? what shape do they form?
15-20 in a circumferential shape around the nipple.
what are the internal structures of breast lobes?
Lobes are comprised of lobules, which contain alveolar clusters which are attached to the ducts
What is the Stroma of the breast?
Stroma is the adipose and dense fibrous tissues that are between the lobes.
where does the the Arterial supply from the breast come from?
Arterial supply to the medial aspect is from the internal mammary arteries and internal thoracic arteries.
The subclavian arteries supply these arteries.
What is the venous drainage of the breast?
superficial veins drain into the plexus of Haller and into the internal mammary and axillary veins.
Which are the 4 most common areas for metastasis in breast cancer
lung, liver, bone and brain
how long are follow up mammos completed for?
5 years
What are the levels of the research hierarchy
TOP - meta-analysis
1.systematic review
2. critically appraised topics
3. critically appraised individual articles
4. Randomised control trials
5. cohort study
6. case-controlled studies
bottom - background information / expert opinion
Which 3 of the research hierarchy are filtered information?
systematic review
critically appraised topics
critically appraised articles
Which 4 of the research hierarchy are unfiltered information?
randomised control trials
cohort studies
case-controlled studies
background information / expert opinion
what is the definition of Equality?
fairness
what is Diversity?
Recognising, respecting and celebrating each others differences
What is inclusivity?
Creating an environment where everyone feels welcomed and valued
what are the protected characteristics under the Equality act 2010?
age
gender / gender reassignment
being married/civil partnership
being pregnant maternity leave
disability
race including colour, nationality, ethnic or national origin
religion or belief
sex
sexual orientation
What is direct discrimination?
This occurs when someone is treated less favourably than others because of their protected characteristic
What is discrimination by association?
This happens when a person is treated less favourably in a situation because they associate with another person who possesses a protected characteristic
What is indirect discrimination?
This can occur where there is a criteria or, practice that applies to a range of workers but disadvantages people with protected characteristics
In simple terms what is the human rights act 1998?
to be treated fairly with respect for individuality
What does SORs group Equalise do?
Provide a support mechanism for members on equality and diversity issues
Campaign/lobby on issues of concern for members
Provide advice and support for members in the workplace
To become more proactive in the Society and promote equality in the workplace
What are the 4 benefits of using AI in imaging?
reduction in false negatives
accuracy
speed
data-driven
what is the the role of AI in Medical imaging?
(AI) enables computers and machines to simulate human learning, comprehension, problem-solving, decision-making, creativity and autonomy.
How is AI used for breast imaging?
Image Analysis: Automated detection of abnormalities (tumors, fractures).
Segmentation: AI algorithms isolate specific structures in images (organs).
Radiology Reporting: Natural language processing to generate reports from imaging data.
Predictive Analytics: Using imaging data to predict patient outcomes
what are the benefits of AI for use in imaging?
Enhanced decision support for clinicians
Increased efficiency and reduced workload
Improved diagnostic accuracy
Is this examination clinically justified?
52-year-old female for mammogram as part of breast screening programme.
No- Patient is non symptomatic and does not justify a mammogram
No- Patient is too old to be included as part of the screening programme
No- Patient is too young to be invited as part of the screening programme
Yes- Patient is in the right age category to be invited for a mammogram under the screening programme
Yes- Under breast screening programme everyone should receive an ultrasound and mammogram as part of their screening
Yes- Patient is in the right age category to be invited for a mammogram under the screening programme
