1
Q
pull factors that led to scots emigrating
A
- overseas landowners economic incentives - some landoweners such as James Matheson of the isle of lewis, paid travelling costs & cancelled debts for scots who were willing to emigrate. provided economic incentives to encourage scots to emigrate. - this was important as many scots emigrants were poor and financial assistance enabled many scots to leave who otherwise could not have afforded.
- recruitment by overseas companies and farmers - scots were desirable immigarants as they had a reputation for being skilled. - this led to some scots emigrants being recruited directly by companies
- higher wages - higher wages were available in america, canada, australia and new zealand. - this was important as it encouraged scots to emigrate due to descriptions of the availability of higher standards of living and liberal laws.
- transport faster and mire reliable and cheaper steam ships - improvements in the efficiency and reliability of steam ships. - this led to cheaper and regular journeys encouraging emnigration.
- climate - a better climate for farming - this was important as australia and new zealand has better climate well suited to skills of scottish farmers encouraging emigration
- newspaper adverts - in the era of huge newspaper circulation, newspapers regularly featured advertisements showing the attractions of countries in the british empire. - this was important as it influenced public opinion amomgsts newspaper readers, encouraging scots to emigrate
- gold rush - the australian gold rushes of the 1850s - widley reported these led to the belief that fabulous weath could be had which further encouraged emigration
-letters home from relatives - scots already arrived in america and countries in the british empire sent letters home to scotland. - this was important as it encouraged scots to emigrate due to descriptions of the availability higher standards of llving and liberal laes
2
Q
push factors for scots emigrating
A
- transportation - up to 1967 criminals were sentenced to transportation a total of 7600 scots were transported to Australia - this led to some scots being forced to emigrate as convicts
- post world war 1 industrial decline - after world war 1 scotlands tranditional heavy industries such as shipbuliding, jute manufacture and coal mining declined - this led to mass unemployment in scotlands industrial heartlands causing poverty and emigration.
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3
Q
push factors that led to highland scots migrating to the city
A
- The subdivision of land occurred as a growing Highland population meant more families needed individual farms. This led to smaller areas of land to farm, which couldn’t produce enough food either to feed a family or sell, resulting in poverty and migration/emigration.
- highland ‘blackhouses’ were primitive, having no windows, poor ventilation, a soil floor, no sanitation, and were heated by livestock. This was important as they contributed to poor health (typhoid) and a low standard of living, leading to migration/emigration
- The 1846 potato famine devastated the Highland potato crop. This was important as it threatened starvation to approx 200 000 highlanders as the highlands became a near mono-crop system with their main source being potatoes which encouraged Highlanders to migrate
- The Highland Clearances occurred as landlords looked to find a more profitable use of their land. This led to the eviction of crofters which were replaced by sheep farming and later deer hunting sporting estates which led to migration
- Prices fell for all of the Highland’s key exports - kelp, cattle and wool. This was important as it forced landlords to rethink how to run their estates, eventually leading to unemployment and migration
- decline of the hearing industry Income from fishing and in particular herring was significant for some Highlanders. This was important as the Russian revolution of 1917 disrupted the herring export trade, meaning Highland men who worked on trawlers and women who worked as fish gutters lost their jobs, leading to migration
4
Q
pull factors that led to highland and lowland scots migrating to the city
A
- Increased opportunities for socialising and excitement of the ‘bright lights’ of city life.This was important as attractions such as pubs, cinemas and dance halls, glamourised by newspaper adverts, attracted rural dwellers, leading to migration.
- better working conditions and wages Cities provided increased variation and opportunities for work. This was important as jobs such as domestic service, railway porters, policemen demanded shorter hours & provided more numerous holidays and better pay leading to migration.
- transport inprovements Advances in transport included steam train journey times from Glasgow to London being reduced to 12 hours by 1850 whilst steam ships sailings became regular from the west highlands to Glasgow. This led to cheap, reliable journeys, leading to migration
5
Q
push factors that led to lowland scots migrating to the city
A
- the demanding nature of the work and the harsh working conditions of the countryside. This is important as they were working long hours with low pay. This led to migration as there was no appeal to work in the countryside
- decline of rural/cottage industry.Craft industries (tailors, shoemakers) based in the countryside went into decline due to the introduction of factory manufactured goods carried by extended railway lines. This led to even fewer manufacturing jobs in the countryside, and further migration
- Mechanisation of agriculture was introduced in the 1860’s (steam powered machinery) and then in the 1920’s (disel tractor). This was important because almost all job opportunities in the countryside were limited to agricultural work, and mechanisation reduced the availability of these jobs, leading to migration
6
Q
push factors that led lowland scots to migrate from urban areas
A
- lack of jobs/recession- post WW1 recession unemployment,lower wages, lower standard of living. industries collapse like shipbuilding as not needed as much after the war
-urban poor housing conditions - tenement slum conditioned - lack of sanitation, lack of water, disease e.g typhoid, overcrowding.
- health - disease/pollution - poor health because of the conditions in the poor housing
