Key Terms/definitions

Question 1

Lab experiment =

Answer 1

experiments conducted in a controlled aritfical environment where the IV is manipulated.

Question 2

Field experiment =

Answer 2

experiments conducted in a natural environment where the IV is manipulated.

Question 3

Quasi experiment =

Answer 3

uses an IV that is not manipulated by the researcher because it is naturally occurring. (Eg. gender/age)

Question 4

Independent variable

Answer 4

the variable manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect

Question 5

Dependent variable =

Answer 5

the variable measured by the researcher to see the effect of the IV.

Question 6

Experimental design =

Answer 6

how participants are allocated into groups.

Question 7

Independent measures =

Answer 7

uses two independent groups of participants in each condition.

Question 8

Repeated measures =

Answer 8

each participant takes part in all conditions of the experiment.

Question 9

Matched pairs =

Answer 9

participants are purposely matched based on specific variables, then split across conditions.

Question 10

Extraneous variable =

Answer 10

an unwanted,uncontrolled variable that may influence the dependent variable.

Question 11

Confounding variable =

Answer 11

the effect of an extraneous variable influencing the DV, making results invalid.

Question 12

Demand characteristics =

Answer 12

when participants guess the aim of the study and change behaviour.

Question 13

Investigator effects =

Answer 13

any unwanted interference by the researcher which can effect the outcome of the experiment, this includes researchers expectations, body language and tone.

Question 14

Randomisation =

Answer 14

using ‘chance’ to reduce the researches influence on the design of the investigation.

Question 15

Standardisation

Answer 15

giving all participants the same experience of the experiment.

Question 16

Reliability =

Answer 16

the consistency of research/results.

Question 17

Validity =

Answer 17

genuiness/accuaracy of what’s being measured.

Question 18

Internal validity =

Answer 18

to what extent are the effects gueninuly being caused by the IV/ensuring the study measures what its supposed to measure.

Question 19

External validity =

Answer 19

the extent to which findings can be generalised to other people’s settings

Question 20

Ecological validity =

Answer 20

the extent to which the reasearch can be applied to real world settings.

Question 21

External reliability =

Answer 21

the ability of a study to be replicated and achieve the same results.

Question 22

Internal reliability =

Answer 22

the consistency within a test/measure itself.

Question 23

Observation =

Answer 23

a research method that consists of watching people and recording what is observed

Question 24

Observational technique =

Answer 24

when observation forms another part of the research method . Eg. Lab or field.

Question 25

Inter observer reliability =

Answer 25

the extent to which two observes produce the same amount when they observe the same behavior.

Question 26

Naturalistic observation =

Answer 26

people observed are in their everyday (natural) setting.

Question 27

Controlled observation =

Answer 27

some of the variables are controlled by the researcher.

Question 28

Structured observation =

Answer 28

when the researcher uses a coding system/checklist to categorise and to record behavior accurately.

Question 29

Unstructured observation =

Answer 29

when the researcher records/writes down all relevant behaviors observed, without predetermined system.

Question 30

Covert observation=

Answer 30

participants are unaware they are being observed as the researcher is hidden or disguised.

Question 31

Overt observation =

Answer 31

participants are aware they are being observed as the researcher is clearly seen.

Question 32

Participant observation =

Answer 32

the researcher is involved with the people they are observing, joining in and becoming part of the group being studied.

Question 33

Non-participant observation=

Answer 33

the researcher remains separate from the person they are observing, not interacting with participants.

Question 34

Informed consent =

Answer 34

participants must be fully informed about the study and agree to take part.

Question 35

Right to withdraw =

Answer 35

participants should be able to leave the experiment at any time, without penalty.

Question 36

Deception =

Answer 36

participants should not be mislead about the study unless essential and any deception must e justified and revealed in the debrief.

Question 37

Protection from harm =

Answer 37

participants should not experience physical, emotional or psychological harm beyond everyday life.

Question 38

Debriefing =

Answer 38

participants are told the purpose/aims of the study, deception is explained and support/resources are offered if needed.

Question 39

Confidentiality =

Answer 39

personal information must be kept private and data anonymised unless end consent is given.

Question 40

Agentic shift =

Answer 40

Shifting responsibility for their actions to the experimenter.

Question 41

Authoritarian personality =

Answer 41

Where a person will unquestionably obey the orders of an authority figure , and will expect others below them to obey their orders.

Question 42

Autonomy =

Answer 42

The state of being responsible for your own thoughts, feelings, actions - rather than being controlled by others.

Question 43

Conformity =

Answer 43

The act of changing one’s attitudes,beliefs or behaviour based on the norms or standards of a group to ‘’fit in”.

Question 44

Social norms =

Answer 44

An unwritten, collectively understood rue that guides an individuals behaviour within a group.

Question 45

Dispositional (individual) explanation for behaviour =

Answer 45

A person actions are attributed to their internal characteristics eg. Personality, beliefs, traits. - somone acts the way they do becuase of who they are.

Question 46

Situational explanation for behaviour =

Answer 46

A persons actions are attributed to external factors in their environment. - majors of people whould act the same in a given situation, regardless of their disposition.

Question 47

Whistleblowing =

Answer 47

The act of a person reporting suspected wrongdoings within an organisation.

Question 48

Destructive obedience =

Answer 48

The act of following commands of an authority figure that rebuts in harming others.