Kidneys

Question 1

How body looses water

Answer 1

. Lungs when we exhale
. Sweating
- also contains ions and urea
- part of temp control system
. Kidneys in urine

Question 2

How body deals with excess amino acids

Answer 2

• liver breaks down excess amino acids + produce ammonia
• liver converts ammonia to urea
• excreted by kidneys

Question 3

Describe how urea leaves body

Answer 3

• blood enters kidney in artery
• blood contains urea
• kidney revives urea + excess ions
• leave kidney as urine + stored in bladder
• blood leaves in vein

Question 4

Adh

Answer 4

Increases permeability of collecting ducts
= more water reabsorbed into blood
= less water means less urine

Question 5

Where is ADH produced

Answer 5

Pituitary gland
= stops you excreting water by causing the collecting duct to be more permeable
= more water is reabsorbed

Question 6

Describe a nephron

Answer 6

Tiny tubes inside a kidney

Question 7

Describe kidney stones

Answer 7

• high salt and minerals in diet can lead to stones
  = very painful

Question 8

Describe renal damage

Answer 8

• kidney no longer able to filter blood
• plasma not properly reabsorbed
• proteins and cells pass through bowman’s capsule

Question 9

Adv of dialysis

Answer 9

• cheaper
• can do at home

Question 10

Why does urine contain mineral ions and urea but not glucose or protein

Answer 10

• proteins aren’t filtered
• glucose is filtered and reabsorbed
• ions are filtered and some reabsorbed
• some urea is reabsorbed

Question 11

How is urea made

Answer 11

Made in liver during process of deamination
= excess amino acids converted to fats and carbs for storage

Question 12

Functions of kidney

Answer 12

Filter blood
Remove waste like urea
Regulate useful things like water and ions

Question 13

What happens if water too low

Answer 13

Hypothalamus detects water conc in bloodstream
Sends signal to pituitary glands
Releases hormone ADH
Tells tubules in kidney to reabsorb more water
= less urine

Question 14

What happens if water levels too high

Answer 14

Hypothalamus detects water conc in bloodstream
Stops sending signals to pituitary gland
Won’t release as much ADH
Tubules absorb less water
More urine

Question 15

Describe dialysis

Answer 15

Patients blood passes over semi permeable membrane
= allow ions, urea and water through
= won’t allow larger molecules like proteins through
Other side of membrane has dialysis fluid
= contains normal conc of water and ions but no urea
Urea diffuses from blood into dialysis fluid
Dialysis fluid constantly refreshed
= ensures large conc gradient for urea

Question 16

Dis of dialysis

Answer 16

Visit hospital every week
Eat controlled diet
= won’t produce too much urea

Question 17

Compare kidney transplant and dialysis

Answer 17

Dialysis
- no shortage of dialysis machines
- controlled diet
- expensive and needs long term treatment

Kidney transplant
- shortage of kidney donors
- allow patient to have normal life
- only expensive initially
- patients must take anti rejection drugs for rest of their life

Question 18

Why do blood levels increase

Answer 18

Glucagon made in pancreas causes glycogen to be converted into glucose
Glucose released into blood