Microanatomy Exam 4 > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

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1
Q

What species have unilobar kidneys?

A
  1. Dog
  2. Cat
  3. Horse
  4. Small ruminant
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2
Q

Structure of unilobar kidney

A
  1. Single lobe formed by fusion of several lobes
  2. No obvious pyramid
  3. Renal crest
  4. Collecting ducts feed into renal pelvis
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3
Q

What species have multilobar kidney?

A
  1. Cow
  2. Pig
  3. Primate
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4
Q

Structure of multilobar kidney

A
  1. Apex of each lobe directed toward sinus → forms papilla

2. Major and minor calices

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5
Q

Kidney surface in pigs and primates

A

Smooth

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6
Q

Bovine kidney surface

A

Has fissures

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7
Q

2 parts of each renal lob

A
  1. Outer cortex

2. Inner medulla

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8
Q

2 parts of outer renal cortex

A
  1. Cortical labyrinth (pars convoluta)

2. Medullary rays (pars radiata)

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9
Q

Cortical labyrinth aka?

A

Pars convoluta

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10
Q

Medullary rays aka?

A

Pars radiata

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11
Q

2 parts of inner renal medulla

A
  1. Loops of Henle

2. Collecting dugs

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12
Q

What are area cribosa?

A

Tiny opening in papilla which collecting ducts open through

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13
Q

After opening through area cribusa, how does urine drain?

A

Into minor calyx →

Major calyx (multilobar) OR
Renal pelvis (unilobar)
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14
Q

What is pars convoluta?

A

Part of renal cortex which contains renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules

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15
Q

What is pars radiata?

A

Part of renal cortex alternating with pars convoluta consisting of collecting tubules and straight portions of nephrons

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16
Q

What is a renal lobule?

A

1 medullary ray + 1/2 of pars convoluta on either side, bordered by interlobular aa.

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17
Q

Arterial renal blood supply

A
  1. Renal a. →
  2. Segmental a. →
  3. Interlobar a. →
  4. Arcuate a. →
  5. Interlobular a. →
  6. Afferent arteriole →
  7. Glomerulus →
  8. Efferent arteriole
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18
Q

Blood in efferent arteriole enters?

A
  1. Peritubular capillaries

2. Vasa recta

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19
Q

Peritubular capillaries are associated with?

A

Convoluted tubules

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20
Q

Vasa recta are associated with?

A

Loop of Henle

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21
Q

Glomerulus may also be called?

A

Renal corpuscle

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22
Q

Venous renal blood supply

A
  1. Interlobular v. →
  2. Arcuate v. →
  3. Interlobar v. →
  4. Renal v.
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23
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Uriniferous tubule

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24
Q

2 parts of uriniferous tubule

A
  1. Nephron

2. Collecting duct

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25
Function of nephron
Produces urine
26
2 parts of nephron
1. Renal corpuscle | 2. Renal tubules
27
Collecting duct function
Collects, concentrates and transports urine
28
Is collecting duct part of a nephron?
Most definitely not. Absolutely not. Not at all.
29
Parts of renal corpuscle
1. Glomerulus | 2. Glomerular capsule
30
Layers of glomerular capsule
1. Visceral layer 2. Parietal layer 3. Capsule space
31
Parts of renal tubule
1. Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal convoluted tubule 4. Connecting tubule → empties into collected duct
32
Parts of loop of Henle
1. Proximal straight tubule 2. Thin descending limb 3. Thin ascending limb 4. Thick ascending limb
33
Bowman's capsule aka?
Glomerular capsule
34
Glomerulus connects?
Afferent and efferent arterioles
35
Visceral layer of renal corpuscle lines?
Arterioles
36
Parietal layer of capsule lines?
External capsule
37
Parietal layer is lined by what cells?
Simple squamous epithelium
38
Visceral layer is lined by what cells?
Podocytes
39
What is the vascular pole?
Where afferent and efferent arterioles enter/leave
40
What is the urinary pole?
Where proximal tubule originates
41
What are podocytes?
Epithelial cells lining visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
42
What are pedicels?
Long cytoplasmic processes of podocytes which interdigitate to form filtration slits
43
Pedicels are also known as?
Foot processes
44
What are mesangial cells?
Phagocytic cells found between capillaries of glomerulus which have cytoplasmic processes between endothelial cells → cleans GBM of particulate matter
45
Filtration barrier is formed by?
1. Fenestrated capillary epithelium 2. Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) 3. Filtration slit between podocytes
46
GBM is formed by?
Fused basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes
47
GBM blocks what from draining into the filtrate?
Large proteins
48
Filtration slits block what from draining into the filtrate?
Small proteins
49
Filtrate includes?
1. Water 2. Glucose 3. AAs 4. Ions 5. Urea 6. Hormones 7. Vitamins B and C 8. Ketones 9. Small amount of protein
50
How is GBM diffderent than other basement membranes?
Thicker
51
3 layers of GBM
1. Lamina rara interna 2. Lamina densa 3. Lamina rara externa
52
The lamina rara layers of GBM are made of?
Heparan sulfate
53
Lamina densa of GBM is made of?
Type IV collagen
54
GBM filters substances by?
Size and charge
55
How does GBM filter substance by size?
Type IV collagen
56
How does GBM filter substance by charge?
Negatively charged heparan sulfate
57
3 activities of renal function
1. Filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion
58
Major hormone which influences reabsorption process
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
59
Which substances are active transported into the uriniferous tubules?
1. Glucose 2. AAs 3. Na
60
Sodium is mainly reabsorbed where?
PCT and Loop of Henle
61
What influences amount of urea in urine?
Extent of water reabsorption
62
3 secreted substances
1. Endogenous compounds 2. Exogenous compounds (drugs) 3. Water and ions
63
Function of tubular epithelium is determined by?
1. Asymmetric distribution of channels and transporters | 2. Permeability of zona occludens (paracellular transport)
64
Epithelium of PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)
Simple cuboidal with brush boder
65
Longest part of the nephron
PCT (fill up most of cortex)
66
Epithelium of thin Loop of Henle
Simple squamous
67
Function of thin Loop of Henle
Passive reabsorption of Na and Cl
68
Loop of Henle is located in?
Medulla
69
Epithelium of thick Loop of Henle
Simple cuboidal
70
Function of thick Loop of Henle
Active electrolyte reabsorption
71
DCT epithelium
Simple cuboidal with short microvilli Emptier lumen
72
2 types of cells in collecting ducts
Principal and intercalated cels
73
Functions of principal cells
Reabsorption of water and electrolytes K secretion
74
Functions of principal cells
K reabsorption
75
JG apparatus
Found between vascular pole and returning DCT of same nephron → regulates blood pressure
76
3 types of cells in JG apparatus
1. Macula densa of DCT 2. Juztaglomerular cells 3. Mesangial cells
77
Juxtaglomerular cells
Located in wall of afferent arteriole → secrete renin
78
Macula densa
Chemorecptors for Na and Cl
Microanatomy Exam 4
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