Kidneys

Question 1

Kidneys extend from vertebra …. to vertebra ….

Answer 1

T12 to L3

Question 2

Which kidneys is lower? Why?

Answer 2

Right kidneys is lower because of its relationship with the liver.

Question 3

Which kidney is longer and slender?

Answer 3

Left

Question 4

Anterior surface of the right kidney is related to… (5)

Answer 4

Right suprarenal gland 
Right lobe of liver 
Descending part of duodenum 
Right colic flexure 
Jejunum (intraperitoneal)

Question 5

Anterior surface of the left kidney is related to… (7)

Answer 5

Left suprarenal gland
Stomach (intraperitoneal)
Spleen (intraperitoneal)
Pancreas (tail - retroperitoneal)
Left colic flexure 
Descending colon 
Jejunum (intraperitoneal)

Question 6

Posteriorly, right and left kidneys are related to… (8)

Answer 6

Diaphragm 
Psoas major 
Quadratus lumborum 
Transversus abdominis
Costo- diaphragmatic recesses
Subcostal vessels 
Ilio-hypogastric nerve 
Ilio- inguinal nerve

Question 7

LOCATIONS of kidneys

1. same levels as…. (organ)
2. Gate towards the kidneys (vertebra)
3. Left kidney (rib level)
4. Right kidney (rib level)

Answer 7

1. Pancreas
2. L1
3. rib 11
4. rib 12

Question 8

Perinephric fat (3)

Answer 8

• outside the renal capsule
• it completely surrounds the kidneys
• accumulation of extraperitoneal fat

Question 9

Renal fascia (2)

Answer 9

• encloses the perinephric fat

- it is a membranous condensation of the extraperioneal fascia

Question 10

Thin septum

Answer 10

Separates suprarenal glands from the kidneys

Question 11

Paranephric fat

Answer 11

• final layer

- completes the fat and fascias associated with the kidney

Question 12

Anterior and posterior surface of the kidneys

-Characteristics

Answer 12

Anterior –> smooth

Posterior –> covered by a fibrous capsule

Question 13

Hilum (2)

Answer 13

• Slit through which renal vessels, lymphatics and nerves enter and leave the substance of the kidneys
• It is continuous with the renal sinus

Question 14

Renal cortex and Renal medulla

Answer 14

Renal cortex –> continuous band of pale tissue that completely surrounds the renal medulla, bright zones

Renal medulla –> forms the pyramids, only darker zones

Question 15

Renal columns and Renal papilla

Answer 15

Renal columns –> extensions of the renal cortex, divides the renal medulla into the renal pyramids.

Renal papilla –> surrounded by minor calyx,
renal pyramids in the medulla empty into it.

Question 16

Minor and Major Calyx

Answer 16

Minor –> receive urine, proximal parts of the tube will eventually form the ureter.

Major –> formed by several minor calices united.

Question 17

Renal pelvis (2)

Answer 17

• formed by two or 3 major calices united

- superior end of the ureters

Question 18

Each kidney is supplied by…

Answer 18

• A single large renal artery

- A lateral branch of the abdominal aorta

Question 19

Length of arteries and veins

• right kidney
• left kidney

Answer 19

• longer artery, shorter vein

- shorter artery, longer vein

Question 20

Ureters (4)

Answer 20

• Muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
• Retroperitoneal
• Continuous with the renal pelvis
• At the pelvic brim, the ureters cross either the end of the common iliac artery or the external iliac artery, enter the pelvic cavity and continue to the bladder.

Question 21

Ureteropelvic junction

Answer 21

Place where the renal pelvis narrows and becomes continuous with the uters

Question 22

3 points where the ureters are constricted

Answer 22

• Ureteropelvic junction
• Where the ureters cross the common iliac vessels at the pelvic brim
• Where the ureters enter the wall of the bladder

Question 23

Suprarenal glands (2)

Answer 23

• Associated with the superior pole of each kidney

- Consist of an outer cortex and an inner medulla

Question 24

Characteristics of right and left suprarenal glands

Answer 24

Right –> pyramid shape, anterior to it is the right lobe of the liver and inferior vena cava

Left –> semilunar, larger, anterior to it is part of the stomach, pancreas and the spleen

Question 25

Characteristics similar to both suprarenal glands (4)

Answer 25

- Parts of the diaphragm posterior to them. - they are surrounded by perinephric fat. - they are enclosed in the renal fascia. - Thin septum separates the gland from its associated kidney

Question 26

Functions of kidneys (3)

Answer 26

- Blood filtration - Production of urine - Endocrine functions

Question 27

Kidneys are retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

Answer 27

Retroperitoneal They have NO contact with the peritoneal.

Question 28

Why there is a lot of fat around the kidneys?

Answer 28

They are fragile organs, they need protection because they are super important.

Question 29

How to difference right kidney to the left kidney?????

Answer 29

- Superior pole is more massive. | - Anterior surface is quite plane, posterior side is more convex.

Question 30

What structures are present in the area of entrance of the helium?

Answer 30

- Renal artery - Renal vein - Renal pelvis

Question 31

Urine is produce at which area of the kidney?

Answer 31

Medulla Minor calyx Major calyx

Question 32

Nephron

Answer 32

Functional unit of kidney, performs the main functions of the kidneys

Question 33

Number of segments, lobes and lobules

Answer 33

Segments --> 5 Lobes --> 10 Lobules --> lots

Question 34

Path of urine drainage (6)

Answer 34

1. Collecting duct 2. Minor calyx 3. Major calyx 4. Renal Pelvis 5. Ureter 6. Urinary bladder

Question 35

Why do we need two types of capillaries?

Answer 35

Because of very high pressure at the glomerulus | -Filtration occurs due to this pressure

Question 36

Path of blood flow (13)

Answer 36

1. Renal artery 2. Segmental arteries 3. Interlobar arteries 4. Arcuate arteries 5. Interlobular arteries 6. Afferent arterioles 7. Glomerular capillaries 8. Efferent arterioles 9. Peritubular capillaries 10. Interlobular veins 11. Arcuate veins 12. Interlobar veins 13. Renal vein

Question 37

3 parts of the ureters

Answer 37

Abdominal part --> until the crest of the iliac bone Pelvic part --> from the entrance of pelvis to the bladder Intramural part --> line within the urinary bladder

Question 38

Why backflow of urine does not happen? | at the ureters

Answer 38

Ureters come from the top, it crosses the wall of the bladder (thick)in oblique direction. When the bladder becomes full, it applies pressure and closes it, preventing backflow.

Question 39

3 layers of muscles in the bladder

Answer 39

1. Inner longitudinal layer 2. Outer longitudinal layer 3. Circular fibers

Question 40

Bladder is retroperitoneal or mesoperitoneal?

Answer 40

Mesoperitoneal

Question 41

Excavatios in males and females

Answer 41

Males --> excavatio rectovesicalis --> between bladder and rectum Females --> excavatio vesicouterina (between bladder and uterus) and excavation recto-uterine (between uterus and rectum)

Question 42

Parts of the bladder

Answer 42

Base Apex --> connected to the median and umbilical folds Neck --> lowest point

Question 43

3 stages in the development of the kidneys

Answer 43

1. Pronephros: disappears, does not lead to any other structures. 2. Mesonephros: its collecting duct remains and contributes to the male reproductive duct (mesonephric), 3. Metanephros: develops into the kidney.