L2

Question 1

what are chemical bonds?

Answer 1

attractive force holding atoms or ions together

Question 2

what are covalent bonds?

Answer 2

a chemical bond in which atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve a stable outer electron shell

Question 3

what are noncovalnet bonds?

Answer 3

attractive forces between molecules or parts of molecules that do not involve the sharing of electrons.

Question 4

what types of noncovalent bonds are there?

Answer 4

ionic, hydrogen, hydrophobic, van der waals

Question 5

non polar bonds are:

Answer 5

hydrophobic

Question 6

polar covalent bonds are”

Answer 6

hydrophilic

Question 7

what are ionic bonds?

Answer 7

electrostatic attraction between charged ions

complete transfer of electrons –> ions

Question 8

what are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 8

partially positive hydrogen atom in dipole with unpaired electrons from another atom usuall oxygen or nitrogen

Question 9

what are hydrophobic interactions?

Answer 9

attraction between non-polar parts/molecules in an aqueous environment

Question 10

what are van der waals

Answer 10

weak and non specific attractive force between two close atoms

Question 11

why do covalent bonds matter?

Answer 11

backbone of macromolecules - polymers

Question 12

why do noncovalent bonds matter?

Answer 12

drive the formations of 3d structure of macromolecules (DNA, protiens, ribosomes)

(PG. 10)

Question 13

intermolecular interactions

Answer 13

molecular complementarity

lock and key

determine specificity (fit) and affinity (strength of binding)

Question 14

examples of intermolecular interactions:

Answer 14

linad receptor, antigen antibody, enzyme substrate

Question 15

The strongest and most stable chemical
bonds are

Answer 15

covalent

Question 16

Which type of bond is least likely to form between
an antibody and an antigen interaction

Answer 16

covalent

Question 17

flow of bonds:

Answer 17

subunits (made of covlanet bonds( –> macromolecules (made of noncovalent bonds –> macromolecule assembly

Question 18

what is a polymer?

Answer 18

made from repeated monomeric subunits linked by covalent bond

Question 19

proteins

Answer 19

amino acids and peptide bonds

Question 20

nucleic acids

Answer 20

nucleotides and phosphodiester bond

Question 21

carbohydrates

Answer 21

monosaccharides and glycosidic bond

Question 22

lipids

Answer 22

hydriphobic tail connected to hydrophilic head

Question 23

polypeptides

Answer 23

amino acids

Question 24

ribonucleic acids

Answer 24

ribonucleotides

Question 25

polysaccharides

Answer 25

monosccharides

Question 26

deoxyribonucleic acids

Answer 26

deoxonucleotides

Question 27

what are chemical reactions?

Answer 27

process where reactants interact old bonds are broken and new bonds are formed all chemical reactions are reversible

Question 28

chemical equilibrium

Answer 28

rate of forward reactions = rate of reverse reaction

Question 29

What determines if a reaction is thermodynamically favorable, and what determines the speed (rate) of the reaction?

Answer 29

Relative free energy of reactants and products and activation energy.

Question 30

Covalent bonds

Answer 30

stalbe scaffolds

Question 32

Noncovalent forces

Answer 32

molecular recognition & self-assembly

Question 32

Macromolecules are Polymers

Answer 32

sequence → function → diversity

Question 32

Steady state =

Answer 32

life sustained away from equilibrium

Question 32

ATP

Answer 32

universal energy link

Question 33

central dogma

Answer 33

flow of genetic information