1
Q
Persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and other depressive symptoms with at least 2 weeks
A
Major depressive Disorder
2
Q
Chronic depression with milder symptoms than MDD at least two years and one year in children/adolescents
A
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthemia)
3
Q
Severe temper outbursts with persistent irritable or angry mood. At least 1 year, onset before age 10
A
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
4
Q
Severe mood swings, irritability, and other depressive symptoms before menstruation. Symptoms present in the majority of menstrual cycles over the past year
A
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
5
Q
Significant anxiety symptoms along with depression; higher suicide risk (specifier)
A
With anxious distress
6
Q
Hypomanic/manic symptoms in depressive episode (specifiers)
A
With mixed features
7
Q
Severe anhedonia, early morning awakening, excessive guilt
A
With melancholic features
8
Q
Mood reactivity, hypersomnia, weight gain, rejection sensitivity (specifiers)
A
With atypical features
9
Q
Severe motor disturbances: stupor, mutism, echolalia, rigidity (specifiers)
A
With Catatonia
10
Q
Onset during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum
A
With peripartum onset
11
Q
Depressive episodes in fall/winter; hypersomnia, weight gain (specifiers)
A
With seasonal pattern
12
Q
contribute, either singly or together, to all the mood disorders.
A
Depression and mania
13
Q
DSM-5 criteria describe it as an extremely depressed mood state that lasts at least 2 weeks and includes cognitive symptoms (such as feelings of worthlessness and indecisiveness) and disturbed physical functions (such as altered sleeping patterns, significant changes in appetite and weight, or a notable loss of energy) to the point that even the slightest activity or movement requires an overwhelming effort.
A
Major depressive episode
14
Q
The most commonly diagnosed and most severe depression is called a
A
major depressive episode
15
Q
Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Note: Do not include symptoms that are clearly due to a general medical condition or mood-incongruent delusions or hallucinations.
A
Major depressive Disorder
16
Q
A
17
Q
Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless) or observation made by others (e.g., appears tearful). (Note: In children and adolescents can be irritable mood.)
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by either subjective account or observation).
3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day. (Note: In children, consider failure to make expected weight gains.)
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day.
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down).
6. 7. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick).
8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others).
9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for suicide.
A
Major Depressive Episode
18
Q
show dysfunctional reward processing and anhedonia (loss of energy and inability to engage in pleasurable activities or have any “fun”).
A
People with depression
19
Q
reflects that these episodes represent a state of low positive affect and not just high negative affect
A
Anhedonia
20
Q
The second fundamental state in mood disorders is abnormally
A
Exaggerated elation, joy, or euphoria
21
Q
individuals find extreme pleasure in every activity; some patients compare their daily experience of mania with a continuous sexual orgasm.
A
Mania
22
Q
They become extraordinarily active (hyperactive), require little sleep, and may develop grandiose plans, believing they can accomplish anything they desire.
A
Mania
23
Q
DSM-5 highlights this feature by adding “persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy” to the “A” criteria (see DSM-5 Table 7.2) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Speech is typically rapid and may become incoherent, because the individual is attempting to express so many exciting ideas at once; this feature is typically referred to as
A
Flight of Ideas
24
Q
require a duration of only 1week, less if the episode is severe enough to require hospitalization.
A
Manic Episode
25
a less severe version of a manic episode that does not cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning and need last only 4 days,rather than a full week.
Hypomanic episode
26
is not in itself necessarily problematic, but its presence does contribute to the definition of several mood disorders.
Hypomanic episode
27
Individuals who experience either depression or mania are said to suffer from a
Unipolar Mood Disorder
28
Mood remains at one pole of the usual mania continuum
Unipolar mood disorder
29
C. The mood disturbance is sufficiently severe to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others, or there are psychotic features.
D. The episode is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication, other treatment) or to another general medical condition.
Manic episode
30
A. distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary).
B. During the period of mood disturbance and increased energy or activity, three (or more) of the following symptoms (four if the mood is only irritable) are present to a significant degree and represent a noticeable change from usual behavior:
1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
2. Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep)
3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing
5. Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli), as reported or observed
6. Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation (i.e., purposeless non-goal-directed activity)
7. Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments)
Manic Episode
31
A full manic episode that emerges during antidepressant treatment (e.g., medication, electroconvulsive therapy) but persists at a fully syndromal level beyond the physiological effect of that treatment is sufficient evidence of a manic episode and, therefore, a
Bipolar l
32
requires specifying whether a predominantly manic or predominantly depressive episode is present and then noting if enough symptoms of the opposite polarity are present to meet the mixed features criteria.
Mixed features
33
exists if one polarity occurs during at least two-thirds of the person’s lifetime.
Predominantly polarity
34
Patient recover fully atleast 2 months between episodes
Full remission
35
only partially recover retaining some depressive symptoms
Partial remission
36
defined by the presence of depression and the absence of manic, or hypomanic episodes, before or during the disorder. An occurrence of just one isolated depressive episode in a lifetime is now known to be relatively rare
Major depressive disorder
37
If two or more major depressive episodes occurred and were separated by at least 2 months during which the individual was not depressed, the major depressive disorder is noted as being
Recurrent
38
important in predicting the future course of the disorder, as well as in choosing appropriate treatments.
Recurrence
39
A. At least one major depressive episode (DSM-5 Table 7.1, criteria A–C).
B. At least one major depressive episode is not better
explained by schizoaffective disorder and is not superimposed on schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified and unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.
C. There has never been a manic episode or hypomanic episode.
Note: This exclusion does not apply if all of the manic-like or hypomanic-like episodes are substance-induced or are attributable to the direct physiological effects of another medical condition.
Major Depressive Disorder
40
shares many of the symptoms of major depressive disorder but differs in its course.
Persistent depressive disorder
41
is defined as depressed mood that continues at least 2 years, during which the patient cannot be symptom free for more than 2 months at a time even though they may not experience all of the symptoms of a major depressive episode.
Persistent Depressive Disorder
42
It is considered more severe, since patients with this disorder present with higher rates of comorbidity with other mental disorders, are less responsive to treatment, and show a slower rate of improvement over time.
Persistent depressive disorder
43
people suffering from persistent depression with fewer symptoms specified as
Pure dysthymic syndrome
44
Individuals who have major depressive episodes and persistent depression with fewer symptoms are said to have
Double Depression
45
is more difficult to treat than either the major depression or the dysthymia alo
Double depression
46
Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, as indicated by either subjective account or observation by others, for at least
2 years. Note: In children and adolescents, mood can be irritable and duration must be at least 1 year.
B. Presence, while depressed, of two (or more) of the following:
1. Poor appetite or overeating
2. Insomnia or hypersomnia
3. Low energy or fatigue
4. Low self-esteem
5. Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
6. Feelings of hopelessness
Persistent depressive disorder
47
C. During the 2-year period (1 year for children or adolescents) of the disturbance, the individual has never been without the symptoms in criteria
A and B for more than 2 months at a time.
D. Criteria for major depressive disorder may be continuously present for 2 years.
E. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode.
F. The disturbance is not better explained by a persistent schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder.
G. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition
(e.g., hypothyroidism).
H. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
Persistent Depressive Disorder
48
If onset is before age 21 years
Early onset
49
If onset is at age 21 years or older
Late onset
50
Full criteria for a major depressive episode have not been met in at least the preceding 2 years
Pure dysthymic syndrome
51
Full criteria for a major depressive episode have been met throughout the preceding 2-year period
With persistent major depressive episode
52
Full criteria for a major depressive episode are currently met, but there have been periods of at least 8 weeks in at least the preceding 2 years with symptoms below the threshold for a full major depressive episode
With intermittent major depression episodes, with current episode
53
Full criteria for a major depressive episode are not currently met, but there has been one or more major depressive episodes in at least the preceding 2 years.
With intermittent major depressive episodes, without current episode
54
seeing or hearing things that aren’t there
Hallucinations
55
Strongly have but inaccurate beliefs
Delusions
56
Suddenly, your voice is telling them how evil and simple they are
Auditory hallucinations
57
Believing that their bodies have problems or rotting internally and deteriorating into nothingness
Somatic
58
On your occasions, depressed individuals might have other type of hallucinations or delusions where in they believe they aren’t supernatural or super league gifted… Does not seem consistent with the depressive mood
Delusions of grandeur
59
This condition signifies is used type of depressive episodes that may progress to schizophrenia, or maybe a symptom of schizophrenia to begin with
Mood-incongruent hallucinations or delusions
60
Delusions of grandeur accompanying a manic episode are
Mood congruent
61
The presence and severity of accompanying anxiety, whether in the form of comorbid anxiety disorders (anxiety symptoms meeting the full criteria for an anxiety disorder) or anxiety symptoms that do not meet all the criteria for disorders
Anxious distress specifier
62
Predominantly depressive episodes that have several (at least three) symptoms of mania as described above would meet this specifier, which applies to major depressive
episodes both within major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
Mixed features specifiers
63
This specifier applies only if the full criteria for a major depressive episode have been met, whether in the context of a persistent depressive disorder or not.
Melancholia features specifier
64
include some of the more severe somatic (physical) symptoms, such as early-morning awakenings, weight loss, loss of libido (sex drive), excessive or inappropriate guilt, and anhedonia (diminished interest or pleasure in activities). The concept of “____” does seem to signify a severe type of depressive episode. Whether this type is anything more than a different point on a continuum of severity remains to be seen
Melancholic features specifiers
65
This specifier can be applied to major depressive episodes whether they occur in the context of a persistent depressive order or not, and even to manic episodes, although it is rare—and rarer still in mania.
Catatonic Feature specifiers
66
This serious condition involves an absence of movement (a stuporous state) or catalepsy, in which the muscles are waxy and semirigid, so a patient’s arms or legs remain in any position in which they are placed.
Catatonic Features Specifiers
67
This serious condition involves an absence of movement (a stuporous state) or
Catalepsy
68
was thought to be more commonly associated with schizophrenia, but some studies have suggested it may be more common in depression than in schizophrenia
Catalepsy
69
may also involve excessive but random or purposeless movement.
Catatonic symptoms
70
This specifier applies to both depressive episodes, whether in the context of persistent depressive disorder or not. While most people with depression sleep less and lose their appetite, individuals with this specifier consistently oversleep and overeat during their depression and therefore gain weight, leading to a higher incidence of diabetes
Atypical Features Specifiers
71
Although they also have considerable anxiety, they can react with interest or pleasure to some things, unlike most depressed individuals. In addition, depression with atypical features, compared with more typical depression, is associated with a greater percentage of women and an earlier age of onset. This group also has more symptoms, more severe symptoms, more suicide attempts, and higher rates of comorbid disorders including alcohol use disorder.
Atypical features specifiers
72
Peri means “surrounding”—in this case, the period of time just before and just after the birth. This specifier can apply to both major depressive and manic episodes. Between 13% and 19% of all women giving birth (one in eight) meet criteria for a diagnosis of depression
Peripartum onset specifier
73
means “surrounding”
Peri
74
all women giving birth (one in eight) meet criteria for a diagnosis of depression referred to as
Peripartum depression
75
This temporal specifier applies to recurrent major depressive disorder (and also to bipolar disorders). It accompanies episodes that occur during certain seasons (e.g., winter depression). The most usual pattern is a depressive episode that begins in the late fall and ends with the beginning of spring.
Seasonal Pattern Specifier
76
These episodes must have occurred for at least 2 years with no evidence of nonseasonal major depressive episodes occurring during that period of time. This condition is called
Seasonal Affective disorder
77
result of phase-delayed circadian misalignment, meaning that the patient’s circadian rhythm is misaligned with the environmental day–night cycle. Bright light exposure and melatonin at wake time, therefore, can realign the circadian rhythm in some patients
Seasonal Affective Disorder
78
A new diagnosis of prolonged grief disorder where individuals experience intense grief that lasts a year or more was described in chapter 5. But the natural grieving process called
Acute grief
79
The acute grief most of us would feel eventually evolves into what is called
Integrated grief
80
which the finality of death and its consequences are acknowledged and the individual adjusts to the loss. New, bittersweet, but mostly positive memories of the deceased person that are no longer dominating or interfering with functioning are then incorporated into memory
Integrated grief
81
A. In the majority of menstrual cycles, at least five symptoms must be present in the final week before the onset of menses, start to improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and become absent in the week postmenses.
B. One (or more) of the following symptoms must be present:
1. Marked affective lability (e.g., mood swings; feeling suddenly sad or tearful, or increased sensitivity to rejection).
2. Marked irritability or anger or increased interpersonal conflicts.
3. Marked depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, or self-deprecating thoughts.
4. Marked anxiety, tension, and/or feelings of being keyed up or on edge.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
82
C. One (or more) of the following symptoms must additionally be present, to reach a total of five symptoms when combined with symptoms
from Criterion B above:
1. Decreased interest in usual activities (e.g., work, school, friends, hobbies).
2. Subjective difficulty in concentration.
3. Lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy.
4. Marked change in appetite; overeating; or specific food cravings.
5. Hypersomnia or insomnia.
6. A sense of being overwhelmed or out of control.
7. Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of “bloating,” or weight gain.
Note: the symptoms in criteria A–C must have been met for most menstrual cycles that occurred in the preceding year.
D. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or interference with work, school, usual social activities, or relationships with others (e.g., avoidance of social activities; decreased productivity and efficiency at work, school, or home).
E. The disturbance is not merely an exacerbation of the symptoms of another disorder, such as major depressive disorder, panic disorder, persistent depressive disorder, or a personality disorder (although it may co-occur with any of these disorders).
F. Criterion A should be confirmed by prospective daily ratings during at least two symptomatic cycles. (Note: The diagnosis may be made provisionally prior to this confirmation.)
G. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition (e.g., hypothyroidism).
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
83
A. Severe recurrent temper outburst manifested verbally (e.g., verbal rages) and/or behaviorally (e.g., physical aggression toward people or property) that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation or provocation.
B. The temper outbursts are inconsistent with developmental level.
C. The temper outbursts occur, on average, three or more times per week.
D. The mood between temper outbursts is persistently irritable or angry most of the day, nearly every day, and is observable by others (e.g., parents, teachers, peers).
E. Criteria A–D have been present for 12 or more months. Throughout that time, the individual has not had a period lasting 3 or more consecutive months without all of the symptoms in criteria A–D.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
84
F. Criteria A and D are present in at least two of three settings (i.e., at home, at school, with peers) and are severe in at least one of these.
G. The diagnosis should not be made for the first time before age 6 years or after age 18 years.
H. By history or observation, the age at onset of criteria A–E is before 10 years.
I. There has never been a distinct period lasting more than 1 day during which the full symptom criteria, except duration, for a manic or hypomanic episode have been met.
Note: Developmentally appropriate mood elevation, such as occurs in the context of a highly positive event or its anticipation, should not be considered as a symptom of mania or hypomania.
J. The behaviors do not occur exclusively during an episode of major depressive disorder and are not better explained by another mental disorder (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety disorder, persistent depressive disorder).
K. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or to another medical or neurological condition
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
85
is a glucocorticoid that suppresses cortisol secretion in normal participants. When this substance was given to patients who were depressed, however, much less suppression was noticed than in normal participants, and what did occur didn’t last long
Dexamethasone
86
overgeneralizing from one small remark. According to Beck, people who are depressed think like this all the time. They make cognitive errors in thinking negatively about themselves, their immediate world, and their future, three areas that together are called the
depressive cognitive triad
87
Aaron T. Beck suggest that depression media result from a tendency to interpret everyday events in a negative way according to back people with depression make the worst of everything for them the smallest setback or major catastrophes.
Negative cognitive styles
88
evident when a depressed individual emphasizes the negative rather than the positive aspects of a situation
Arbitrary interference
89
People who develop more disorders also possesses a psychological learner, ability experience as feelings of inadequacy for coping with that difficulty confronting them as well as depressive cognitive styles
An integrative theory 
90
Cause lower suicide rates, this antidepressant cause increased thoughts about suicide in the first few weeks in some adolescence, but once they start working after a month or more, this may prevent depression from leading to suicide
SSRIS selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
91
Related to tricyclic antidepressants but acts in a slightly different manner, blocking reuptake of Nora as well as heroin some side effects associated with the SSRIS reduced with this antidepressant
Venlafaxine (Effexor)
92
This antidepressant worked differently as their name suggested they block the enzymes that this antidepressant breaks down such neurotransmitters as not and serotonin. The result is roughly equivalent to the effect of the tricyclics because they are not broken down the neurotransmitters pull in the sign up, leading to a down regulation.
MOI monomine oxidase inhibitors
93
Were most widely used treatment for depression before the introduction of SSRIS but I now use useless commonly the variant that are widely used are amitriptyline in imipramine
Tricyclic antidepressants 
94
Another type of antidepressant drugs that is common salt widely available in the natural It is found in our drinking water in amount too small to have any effect.
lithium (lithium carbonate)
95
Most controversial treatment for psychological disorders after psychosurgery.
Electroconvulsive theraphy (ECT)
96
works by placing a magnetic coil over the individual’s head to generate a precisely localized electromagnetic pulse. Anesthesia is not required, and side effects are usually limited to headaches.
Transcranial stimulation
97
Clients are taught to examine carefully their thought pro- cesses while they are depressed and to recognize “depressive” errors in thinking. This task is not always easy because many thoughts are automatic and beyond clients’ awareness. Clients are taught that errors in thinking can directly cause depress
Cognitive behavioral therapy
98
ten associated with mood disorders but can occur in their absence or in the presence of other disorders.
Suicide
99
It is the 10th leading cause of death among all people in the United States, but among adolescents, it is the 3rd leading cause of death.
Suicide
100
In understanding suicidal behavior, three indices are important:
Suicidal ideation, suicidal plans, suicidal attempts
101
Serious thoughts about suicide
Suicidal ideation
102
A detailed method for killing oneself 
Suicidal plans
103
attempts that are not fatal
Suicidal attempts
104
focuses on resolving problems in existing relationships and learning to form important new interpersonal relationships.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
105
Like cognitive-behavioral approaches, IPT is highly structured and seldom takes longer than 15 to 20 sessions, usually scheduled once a week After identifying life stressors that seem to precipitate the depression, the therapist and patient work collaboratively on the patient’s current interpersonal problems.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
106
Typically, these include one or more of four interpersonal issues: dealing with interpersonal role disputes, such as marital conflict; adjusting to the loss of a relationship, such as grief over the death of a loved one; acquiring new relation- ships, such as getting married or establishing professional relationships; and identifying and correcting deficits in social skills that prevent the person from initiating or maintaining important relationships
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
107
Both partners are aware it is a dispute, and they are trying to renegotiate
Negotiation Stage
108
The dispute smolders beneath the surface and results in low-level resentment, but no attempts are made to resolve it.
Impasses stage
109
The partners are taking some action, such as divorce, separation, or recommitting to the marriage
Resolution stage
110
prevent relapse or recurrence over the long term
Maintenance treatment
111
The psychological profile of the person who died by suicide reconstructed through extensive introduce with friends and family. member who are likely to know what the individual was thinking and doing in the period before the death.
Psychological autopsy 
AbPsych
flashcards
Decks in class (13)
# Cards
-
L172
-
L2158
-
L3237
-
L4137
-
L5111
-
Eating & Sleeping Disorder161
-
Sexual Dysfunction & Paraphilic Disorders189
-
Substance-Related, Addictive, and Impulse-Control Disorders181
-
Inhalant Use Diorder Onwards (DSM 5)29
-
Personality Disorder61
-
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders93
-
Neurodevelopmental Disorder122
-
Neurocognitive Disorders37
