Lab Flashcards by Alyanah Alovera

Anterior etymology

To go before

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Posterior etymology

Posterns, following

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Dorsal etymology

Dorsum, back

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Ventral etymology

Venter, belly

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Proximal etymology

Proximus, nearest

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Distal etymology

Di+sto, to be distant

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Lateral etymology

Latus, side

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Medial etymology

Medialis, middle

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Superficial etymology

Superficialis, surface

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Deep etymology

Deop, deep

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Nose to forehead

Inferioir

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Mouth to chin

Superior

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Teeth to throat

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Brain to eyes

Posterior

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Spine to breastbone

Dorsal

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Navel to spine

Ventral

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Elbow to wrist

Proximal

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Knee to hip

Distal

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Nipple to breastbone

Lateral

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Bridge of nose to eye

Medial

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Skin to muscle

Superficial

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Lungs to ribs

Deep

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Esophagus to trachea

Posterior

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Veins to arteries

Superficial

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Forehead

Frontal

Breast

Mammary

Leg

Crural

Ear

Otic

Navel

Umbilical

Mouth

Oral

Arm

Brachial

Genital

Pubic

Thigh

Femoral

Chin

Mental

Fingers/toes

Digital

Cheek

Buccal

Eye

Orbital

Groin

Inguinal

Front of elbow

Antecubital

Breastbone

Sternal

Kneecap

Patellar

Nose

Nasal

Top of foot

Dorsum

Forearm

Antebrachial

Neck

Cervical

Collarbone

Clavicular

Wrist

Carpal

Hip

Coxal

Palm

Palmar

Ankle

Talus

Chest

Pectoral

Pelvis

Pelvic

Buttock

Gluteal

Back of the hand

Dorsum

Base of skull

Occipital

Point of shoulder

Acromial

Loin

Lumbar

Sole

Plantar

Spinal column

Vertebral

Calf

Sural

Skull

Cranial

Perineum

Perineal

Back of neck

Nuchal

Shoulder blade

Scapular

Point of elbow

Olecranon

Between hips

Sacral

Hollow behind knee

Popliteal

Heel

Calcaneal

Two sets of cavity

Dorsal | Ventral

Dorsal cavities

Cranial | Spinal

Ventral cavities

Thoracic | Abdominopelvic

Thoracic cavities

Pericardial | Pleural

Abdominopelvic cavities

Peritoneal

Cell activites

Nutrition, Respiration, Responsiveness, Reproduction, Growth, Adaptability

They have no membrane-bound nucleus

prokaryotic cells

17th century, discovered cell

Robert Hooke

plants were made up of cells

Matthias Schleiden

animals were made up of cells

Theodor Schwann

formulated cell theory

Rudolf Virchow

Similarities between plant and animal cells

1. Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm | 2. Both have a nucleus

Differences between Animal and Plant cells

Animal: smaller in size, irregular shape, no cell wall, vacuole small/absent, nucleus at the center Plant: larger in size, regular shape, cell wall present, large central vacuole, nucleus near the wall

three main phases of process of growth of cell

cell division, cell enlargement, cell differentiation

When cell divides, _____ divides first the _____

nucleus, cytoplasm

When nuclear division is not followed by cytoplasmic division

binucleated cell may result

Repeated nuclear divisions without their corresponding cytoplasmic divisions may result in

multinucleated cell or coenocyte or syncytium

Mitosis is a kind of

nuclear division

Cytoplasmic division

cytokinesis

Before the cell undergoes mitosis

interphase, resting of intermitotic stage

Mitosis is a _____ process

continuous

process that divides into 2 cells

Cell division

Why do cells need to divide?

1. grow into more cells 2. repair damaged tissues 3. if cell is so big, cannot get enough nutrients and let out waste

thread-like DNA, non-dividing

Chromatin

double, coiled dividing

Chromosome

has a specific number

Chromosome Number

2 chromosomes in a cell

Diploid

chromosomes in human

1 chromosome in a cell

haploid

division of nucleus into 2 nuclei, each with the same number of chromosomes; occurs in all the somatic body cells

Mitosis

chromosome coils up ; nuclear envelope disappear ; spindle fibers form

Prophase

``` longest phase ; cell growth and developments ; DNA replication cell grow, carries out normal cell activities ; replicates all other organelles ```

Interphase

chromosomes line up in the middle of cell | ; spindle fibers connect to chromosome

Metaphase

chromosome copies divided | ; spindle fibers pull chromosome to opposite pole

Anaphase

chromosome uncoil ; nuclear envelope form ; 2 new nuclei are formed ; spindle fibers disappear

Telophase

the division of the rest of the cell (cytoplasm and organelles) after the nucleus divides

Cytokinesis

Summary of Cell Cycle

Interphase -> Mitosis (PMAT) -> Cytokinesis

is the external body covering of an organism

integument

Integument comes from the Latin word integumentum which means

a covering

The integument system includes

skin and accessory organs

composed of cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo mitosis

S. basale

Consists of dead, squamous cells filled with keratin

S. corneum

Formation of fingerprint and footprint patterns

papillary layer

Three layers of cells that contain granules

S. granulosum

Flat, polyhedral cells that appear as cytoplasmic extensions

S. spinosum

A clear layer of closely packed cells

S. lucidum

Protects the body against invasion of substances in the external environment

S. corneum

Prominent in the thick skin of the palms and soles

S. lucidum

Cholesterol is changed to vitamin D on exposure to ultraviolet rays

S. basale

Restricts loss of body water

S. corneum

series of events cells go through as they grow and divide

Cell Cycle

Four types of animal tissues

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve

flat appearance and typical mosaic or flat stone arrangement of a sheet of the epitelium

Squamous epithelium

typically found in gland and gland-like organs

Cuboidal epihelium

finger-like projections

villi

function of villi

increase amount of surface area available for absorption of food

villi projections with striated borders

microvilli

gap or plug on free edges of columnar epithelial cells

goblet cells

function of goblet cells

secret mucous to cover and protect the columnar epithelium from being damaged by acid from the stomach

composed of a protein called collagen and are white in their natural state

white fibrous tissue

most common type of cartilage; skeletal framework

hyaline cartilage

embedded in a matrix of collagen fibers on which calcium salts are deposited

bone

osteocytes are trapped in small chambers called

lacunae

bone is laid down in areas of concentric layers called

lamellae

lacunae, lamellae, central canal

haversian system

circulating connective tissue in fluid matrix plasma rather than an independent tissue type

blood

two major portions of blood

liquid and cellular portion

liquid portion

plasma

cellular portion

red (erythrocytes) and white (leukocytes) blood cells

contracting to move food along the digestive tract

peristalsis

other name of skeletal muscle

voluntary striated muscle

differences between muscles

skeletal- striated, voluntary cardia - striated, involuntary smooth- not striated, involuntary

thickened junctions between the end membranes of individual cells of the fiber

intercalated discs

basic cellular component of nervous tissue

neuron

Classification of burns

Partial-thickness burns | Full-thickness burns

Partial-thickness burns

First and Second-degree burns

Full-thickness burns

Third Degree burns

First degree burn

epidermis

Second degree burn

dermis

Third-degree burn

hypodermis

way to assess degree of burns

Rule of Nines

organs of epigastrium

Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Duodenum, Spleen, Adrenal Glands

organs of right hypochondriac

Liver, Gallbladder, Right Kidney, Small Intestine

organs of left hypochondriac

Spleen, Colon, Left Kidney, Pancreas

organs of umbilical

Umbilicus, Jejunum, Ileum, Duodenum

organs of right lumbar

Gallbladder, Liver, Right Colon

organs of left lumbar

Descending Colon, Left Kidney

organs of hypogastric

Urinary Bladder, Sigmoid Colon, Female Reproductive Organs

organs of right iliac

Appendix, Cecum

organs of left iliac

Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon

Lab Flashcards

(158 cards)