What is histology?
The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues and how structure relates to function.
What is the purpose of fixation in histology?
To preserve tissue structure, prevent decomposition, and stabilize cellular components.
Why is dehydration necessary before embedding?
Embedding media like paraffin are not miscible with water; water must be removed through graded alcohols.
Why is dehydration done gradually?
To prevent distortion or collapse of tissues that occurs if water is removed too quickly.
What is the purpose of embedding tissue in paraffin?
To provide support so thin sections (5–10 µm) can be cut with a microtome.
What is a microtome?
A tool that cuts very thin sections of embedded tissue for microscopic viewing.
What is the purpose of sectioning?
To produce thin slices of tissue that can be mounted on slides and stained.
Why are tissues deparaffinized before staining?
Paraffin repels water-based stains; it must be removed with Histoclear and rehydrated through alcohols.
What does hematoxylin stain?
Nuclei and other acidic structures; stains them purple to dark blue.
What does eosin stain?
Cytoplasm, muscle, collagen, and extracellular matrix; stains them pink or red.
What type of stain is H&E (hematoxylin and eosin)?
A contrasting stain combination used to visualize animal tissues.
What is vital staining?
Staining of living tissues to reveal structures not easily seen in fixed tissues.
What is toluidine blue?
A cationic, heterochromatic stain that binds negatively charged components like DNA, cellulose, proteins, and lignin.
How does toluidine blue stain different components?
Lignin and anthocyanins stain blue/blue-turquoise; most other cell components stain pink-purple.
What three main tissue types exist in plants?
Dermal tissue, vascular tissue (xylem + phloem), and ground tissue.
What is a vascular bundle?
A strand of vascular tissue containing xylem and phloem within a leaf or stem.
What is the function of xylem?
Transport of water and minerals from roots to the rest of the plant.
What is the function of phloem?
Transport of sugars and other organic molecules throughout the plant.
What is chlorenchyma?
Ground tissue rich in chloroplasts specialized for photosynthesis.
Why do we cut leaf sections inside a potato block?
The potato stabilizes the thin leaf and allows smoother slicing without crushing.
Why must plant sections remain floating on water?
To prevent drying, which damages thin tissue sections.
Why should you begin microscope focusing at low power?
To locate the sample easily and avoid crashing the lens into the slide.
Why is 100X oil immersion not used for these slides?
These slides are stained and thick; oil immersion is unnecessary and could damage the tissue.
What is an ocular micrometer?
A scale in the eyepiece used to measure microscopic structures once calibrated.
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set 1: preview20
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set 2: chemistry of the cell21
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set 1 & 2 brightspace asignment16
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set 3: macromolecules of the cell85
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lecture 224
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set 462
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set 5: bioenergetics55
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Set 6: Enzymes and Kinetics58
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set 5: bioenergetics (study guide)68
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set 7: membranes: structure, function and chemistry30
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set 8: transport across membranes: overcoming the permeability barrier41
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LAB 8: RESPIRATION IN ISOLATED MITOCHONDRIA18
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set 9 glycolysis33
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LAB#4 SEPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF BLOOD PROTEINS28
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bio 201 terms (lab)31
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lab 220
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lab 325
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lab 525
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lab 629
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LAB #7 CELLULAR RESPIRATION25
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LAB #9 PHOTOSYNTHESIS: CHLOROPLAST FUNCTION30
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set 10:35
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set 11: photosynthesis31
