1
Q
Are sponges diploblast or triploblast?
A
Neither
1
Q
What are the names of all the insect types?
A
Odonata: Dragonflies/damselflies
Orthoptera: grasshoppers/crickets
Hemiptera: the true bugs
Coleoptera: the beetles
Lepidoptera: butterflies and moths
Diptera: flies
Hymenoptera: bees, wasps, ants
2
Q
What are the two of cells in Porifera?
A
- choanocytes and archeocytes
3
Q
Where are the archeocytes?
A
- in the mesophyll
4
Q
what are sponge skeletons made of?
A
- collagen fibres in all sponges
- some have specialized fibres called spongin
5
Q
What are spicules?
A
- calcium carbonate and silicate
- taxonomic fingerprint
6
Q
What are the ectoderm and endoderm derived from in the cnidarians?
A
- the germ layers
7
Q
What are the alternation of generations for the cnidarians?
A
- scyphistoma, strobilus, ephyra
8
Q
What is a nerve net?
A
- nerve net allows for some control, but it’s not a true brain
9
Q
What are the stinging cells?
A
- cnidocytes
- capsule = cnidae
- inside: the harpoon like nematocyst
- cnidocil :hair like trigger
10
Q
how do ctenophores expel their waste?
A
anal pores
11
Q
how do ctenophores eat?
A
- two retractable tentacles with sticky colloblast cells; spin and put it in their mouth
- ciliated lobes that draw prey in
- muscular lobes that engulf prey
12
Q
How do ctenophores reproduce?
A
- asexually –> regeneration
- sexually –> gametes shed via mouth, monoecious, internal fertilization + brood eggs
13
Q
Describe the gut in Platyhelminthes
A
- muscular pharynx on the ventral middle of the body
- branched or simple gut
14
Q
Describe the cephalization in the neodermata?
A
- minimal cephalization
15
Q
Describe the Cestoda
A
- strobilus made up of individual proglottids
- not true segmentation: superficially segmented
- mouth part is called the scolex: helps bind to intestines
16
Q
What is the rhynocoel?
A
- fluid filled cavity that extends from the head
17
Q
What are phylum Nemertea? Describe their organization
A
proboscis worms
- coelomate, triploblast/lophotrocozoans, non segmented, bilateral, organ systems
- coelomate is in rhynocoel
18
Q
What are the phylum Nematoda?
A
- round worms
- bilateral, organ system, triploblast/protostomia/ecdosyzoans, non segmented, pseudocoelomate
- free living and parasitic
19
Q
How can you distinguish between parasitic and non parasitic nematodes?
A
- non parasitic: pointy on both ends
- parasitic: has an attachment point on one end, pointy on the other
20
Q
Describe phylum annelida
A
- segmented
- bilateral, coelomate, organ system, triploblastic/protostome/lophotrocozoan,
21
Q
What group does the scale worm belong to?
A
annelids
22
Q
What are the head/foot and visceral mass regions for?
A
Head/foot: feeding, sensory, locomotion
visceral mass: respiration, excretion, digestive
23
Q
What are the four cephalopods?
A
- cuttlefish, squids, octopus, nautiloids
24
What is the organization of the mollusca?
- bilateral, protostomia/lophotrocozoan/molluscs/ organs, coelomate, non segmented
25
How do you identify between male and female squids?
Male: spermatophoric gland to the side or below branchial heart
- testis = white mass at posterior end of squid
Female: large yellow gelatinous mass at posterior end of squid. Two large masses between branchial heart = egg capsule glands
26
Which mollusc doesn't have a radula?
- the bivalves : no head, no radula
27
What is the order of shell organization from outer to inner?
Periostracum, prismatic layer, nacre layer
28
What is torsion and coiling?
- torsion: 180 degree rotation of the mantle and mantle cavity = anus right above head!
- coiling: turning
29
What are the 3 types of gastropods?
Prosobranchia: - gills in front of heart eg; Snails
opistobranchia: gills behind heart eg; slugs
Pulmonata: lungs - terrestrial
30
What is the difference between a limpet and a monoplacaphoran?
limpets don't have the repeating set of gills
31
What is a rough periwinkle vs. a smooth periwinkle?
rough periwinkle: has a groove between stacked whorls
smooth periwinkle: doesn't have a groove
32
Why are sea slugs and slugs considered gastropods?
foot, stomach, and radula
33
What is a scaphapoda?
- tubular shell open at both ends, tentacular foot (captacula) for burrowing/food capture
- no heart, no gills
34
Describe the orientation of bivalves
The hinge side is dorsal, the opposite side is ventral
- the foot side is anterior, and the siphon side is posterior
35
Which side of a clam has the larger muscle scars?
- the posterior side (has the siphons = posterior)
36
What are the black dots on the ventral side of the scallop ?
- eye spots
37
What is the side of the scallops with the bigger notch?
- the anterior side
38
What is the orientation of the hinge of the mussels? What about the rest of the mussel?
hinge is the dorsal side,
- the anterior end is what sits up in the water
- wide part of the shell is anterior (the side the slopes up rather than I two lines)
39
What side is the smaller of the two valves?
the right side
40
What is the difference between blue mussels and horse mussels?
blue mussel: blue
horse mussel: some pink stuff, shiny
41
What are ship worms?
Molluscs
- bivalves belonging to the clams, put holes in wood
42
What is phylum Ectoprocta?
- lophophores
- colonial with zooids
- cilia creates a water current to bring in food
43
What are the two kinds of moulting?
Complete and partial
44
What is metamorphosis called when only size changes? What about the entire shape?
What is an advantage to complete metamorphosis
size; hemimetabolous
whole: holometabolous : advantage = more niches/habitats
45
What makes up subphyla mirriapoda?
- centipedes and millipedes
46
What makes up chelicerata?
scorpions, ticks, horseshoe crabs, spiders, sea spiders
47
what is the difference between a carapace and a cephalothorax?
carapace: hard upper shell
cephalothorax: head and thorax fused together
48
What is order Isopoda? amphipoda?
Isopoda: dorso ventrally flattened, flat eyes, no carapace, terrestrial
amphipoda: laterally flattened, flat eyes, no carapace, eg; beach fleas
49
What order is the barnacles ? describe them?
- order theostraca - Cirripedia
- barnacles: long thoracic legs, sessile, reduced head and abdomen
50
How can you differentiate between a rock and Jonah crab?
rock crab has less spiky teeth
v.
Jonah: has spikier teeth
51
How do barnacles feed?
through combing cirri
52
What makes an insect?
- 3 pairs of legs, 2 pairs (sometimes 1) of wings on thorax, 3 ocelli, 1 pair of compound eyes, 1 pair of antennae
53
Describe subphylum hexapoda
- 3 tagmata, unique tracheal system, uniramous appendages
54
what are the bug types?
- Odonata: dragon and damsel flies
- Orthoptera: grasshoppers/crickets
- Hemiptera: true bugs (aphids, water striders) - X or triangle on body
- Coleoptera: beetles
- Lepidoptera: moths/butterflies
- Diptera: flies
- Hymenoptera: ants, wasps, bees
55
How do you tell the difference between moths and butterflies?
moths have fuzzy antennae
56
What is the second pair of wings in diptera called?
- called haltars: reduced, function to sense movement and communication
57
How do you identify the true bugs?
Hemiptera: X or triangle on bod y (often confused with beetles)
58
What symmetry are gastropods?
- bilaterally asymmetrical
59
Describe the organization of Echinoidea
pentaradial, organ systems, deuterestome: ambulacraria: echinoidea, coelomate, no segmentation
60
What is deuterostome development?
- radial cleavage, regulative embryo, blastopore forms anus first, coelom forms through out pocketing
61
What symmetry do echinoderm embryos have?
- bilateral symmetry
62
What are the 5 classes of echinoidea?
- asterioidea, crinoidea, ophiuroidea, echinoidea, holothuroidea
63
Which echinoidea groups have secondarily bilateral symmetry?
Holothuroidea and echinoidea
64
Where is the mouth in each echinoidea
→ starfish: mouth on oral side, anus and madreporite on aboral side
→ holothuroidea: mouth on side (modified tube feet)
→ echinoidea: mouth on oral side,
→ ophiuroidea: mouth on oral side, no anus
→ crinoidea: mouth and anus on oral side (no madreporite, spines, pedicellaria)
65
What are the parts of the urchin test called?
- ambulacral plates: plates with holes
- inter ambulacral plates: no holes
66
where is the madreporite located in sea urchins?
right next to the anus
67
What does sea cucumber skin look like? why?
it looks like an anchor; likely to solidify and liquify
68
Describe the stomach in the Asteroidea?
two part stomach; can extend stomach
69
Describe the order of the water vascular system
- madreporite - stone canal- ring canal - radial canal - lateral canal - ampulla - podia
70
What is the ampulla?
the top bulb of the tube foot; bottom is the podia
71
where is the madreporite on the Ophiuroidea?
- the oral side
72
What are the 5 chordate characteristics?
- notochord
- dorsal hollow nerve tube
- pharyngeal pouches/slits
- endostyle/thyroid gland
- postanal tail
73
what are the chordata subphyla?
- cephalochordate
- Urochordata : ascidiacea and appendicularia
- vertebra
74
What is the purpose of the operculum?
for increased oxygen intake (flared gills) and streamlining the body
75
What is the purpose of the lateral line?
detect movement and vibration
76
What are the classes of fish?
- Agnatha:
- Class myxini
- class petromyzontida
Gnathostomes:
- Chondricthyes
- holobranchii, elasmobranchii
- Osteicthyes
- actinpoterygii, sacropterygii
77
How can you tell the difference between male and female fish?
gonad pink = male
gonad red = female
78
What are the four kinds of scales?
ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid, placoid
79
What are the caudal fin types?
heterocercal, homocercal, diphycercal
80
What are class chondricthyes?
- cartilaginous fishes
- skates, sharks, rays
81
What is a mermaid's purse?
- skates, shark, ray egg sacs
82
What are the oisteicthyes?
bony fish
83
What are the ray finned and lobe finned fish groups called?
- ray finned - actinopterygii
- lobe finned - sarcopterygii
84
What are the diadramous fishes/types?
- catadromous: SW-FW-SW (eels)
- anadromous: FW-SW-FW (lampreys, salmon)
85
What are the parts of the gills called?
- gill raker, gill arch, and gill filament
86
What groups are the salamanders and newts in?
- order urodela
87
What group are the frogs and toads in?
- order Anura
88
What order do the caecilians belong to?
- the order Gymophiona
89
What are the orders of the subclass lissamphibia?
Order Gymnophiona: AKA apoda, caecilians
order urodela; salamanders/newts
Order Anura: frogs; toads
90
What subclass are the amphibians?
lissamphibia
91
what are the relevant subclasses of the amniotes?
- order squamata: lizards
- order testudines: turtles
- order crocodilla : crocodiles, alligators, caimans
- clade sauropoda: (extinct)
- mammalia
92
what class are living birds found in?
class aves
93
What are the orders of mammalia?
order monotremata (platypus, echidnas)
clade metatheria (marsupials: kangaroos, koalas, opossums)
clade euphoria (placentals; rodents, whales, primates, bats, bears, goats, etc.)
94
what are the shells of echinoderms called?
tests
95
what is a paeloric caeca?
secrete enzymes and provide additional digestive areas to the intestine.
96
what are the skin gills of sea stars and urchins called?
- papullae
97
what is abundance vs richness?
abundance: the number of individuals in the entire species
richness: the number of species present
98
What development do Porifera have? What about the diploblasts?
development stops at blastula
- diploblasts- incomplete gastrulation
99
what fish group did tetrapods emerge from?
From the sarcopterygii
100
Are reptiles monophlyetic?
No because they exclude birds and mammals
101
what are the layers of the amniotic egg?
1. chorion (O2/CO2)
2. Allantois (O2/CO2)
3. Amnion (fluids, cushion)
4. yolk sac (food)
102
what are the three kinds of skulls?
anaspids: one hole (orbit)
diapsids: two extra holes (eg; birds)
synapsids (mammals) : one extra hole
103
what do diapsids have more holes in skull?
- provides more scaffolding for jaw muscles to attach
104
Are there any anaspids alive?
- turtles appear anapsid but they secondarily lost their diapsid condition
105
What are the parts of the feather?
quill, shaft, vein
- not all feathers have the same function
106
Does snake shedding skin mean it's an ecdosyzoan?
- no, its not a moult, only the outer layer
107
What order are turtles in?
Testudines
108
What order are lizards and snakes found in?
Order Squamata
109
What order are crocodiles, alligators, and caimans in?
- order crocodillia
110
what glands are found in mammals?
hair and mammary glands
111
what kind of skeleton do echinoderms have?
calcareous endoskeleton
112
What kinds of skeletons do the animals have?
mammals: anaspids
birds/reptiles: Diaspids
113
how can you identify between a gastropod and a monoplacophoran?
number of gills
- on shell alone: monoplacophorans are not in lab (deep sea, rare)
114
how can you identify between porifera and coral?
porifera are light weight, spongey and have a distinct spongocoel
115
How can you determine the orientation of the mussel?
the flatter part of the base where the hinge is is dorsal, opposite is ventral
- the flat edge is anterior, opposite is posterior
- left and right
115
How can you determine the orientation of the scallop?
the smaller notch/more distinct notch is the anterior side (facing up)
- dorsal is the hinge side, ventral is the opposite side and left and right shells
116
how do you determine orientation of the clam?
side with siphons is posterior, side with foot is anterior
-dorsal is hinged, ventral is opposite
- left and right
117
What are the feeding habits of all of the insects in lab?
Odonata: chewing
Orthoptera: chewing
Hemiptera:
Coleoptera: chewing
Lepidoptera: sucking/lapping
Diptera: chewing/sucking
Hymenoptera: sucking/piercing
118
how could you identify Bryozoa from coral?
smaller, segmented
119
what are the two planes to know?
transverse (across) and sagittal (down the middle ish)
120
what are the two juvenile forms of the cnidarians?
ephyra :develops into medusa
planula: develops into polyp
121
where are gametes released in urchins?
from the genital pores (5 small holes around anus)
122
what can aid in distinguishing Coleoptera?
hard carapace wings
123
What are the reduced second pair of wings in diptera called?
haltar
124
what are the parts of the gill called in fish?
gill rakers, gill arches, gill filaments
125
what are the parts of the fish anatomy?
- paeloric caeca: finger like projections attached to the stomach
- silver tube: swim bladder
126
what are the mouth parts used for of all the insects?
Odonata: chewing
Orthoptera: piercing/sucking
Hemiptera: chewing
Coleoptera: chewing
Lepidoptera: sucking/lapping
Diptera: sucking/sponging/piercing
Hymenoptera: piercing/sucking
127
what are the insect picture mouth parts used for?
piercing
sucking lapping
piercing
chewing
sponging
128
what kind of finds do lampreys have?
dorsal fin and a caudal fin (diphycercal)
