1
Q
What are the larvae of bivalves and gastropods called? What larvae do most gastropods have?
A
gastropods/molluscs: veliger larvae
most have trochophore larvae
2
Q
What are cerata?
A
Dermal extensions found on nudibranch
3
Q
How many pairs of gills do bivalves have?
A
1 pair of ctenidia
4
Q
Describe some key points about rotifers?
A
- mictic/amictic or parthenogenetic
- pseudocoelomate
- only external segmentation
5
Q
What is sipuncula? Why are they in the group they are?
A
sipuncula are peanut worms
- they have trocophore larvae
6
Q
do acanthocephalan have a digestive system?
A
no they absorb
7
Q
describe the orientation of the mouth and the anus in the lophophores?
A
anus out, mouth in
8
Q
Are the lophophores a monophyletic group?
A
no
9
Q
What does articulate and inarticulate refer to?
A
Different groups within the brachiopoda
10
Q
describe the legs (uniramous or biramous) of crustacea, as well as their body segments
A
crustaceans are biramous (except the first antennae)
-cephalothorax has 13 segments
- abdomen has 6
11
Q
true or false: hemolymph transports oxygen in insects
A
FALSE: in insects they have the unique tracheal system that brings oxygen directly to the cells
12
Q
Describe the calcareous endoskeleton structure of echinoderms
A
- network of CaCO3 ossicles secreted from the stereom (unique)
- connected by ‘catch collagen’
13
Q
what are the two species of deadly starfish? What are the common ones?
A
crown of thorns and the pacific sunflower (largest)
Common: intertidal purple sea star, reef star
14
Q
what is unique about ophiuroidea that allows for its flexible movement?
A
they have closed ambulacral grooves
15
Q
What is unique about echinodiea?
A
they have unique socket joints
16
Q
What are the features of hemichordates? What are the groups of the hemichordates?
A
stomochord
3 parts coelom
gill slits
enteropneusta: acorn worms
pterobranchia: tube dwellers, lophophore convergent feeding structure
17
Q
What is the earliest chordate called?
A
Pikaia
18
Q
What are the subphyla of Urochordata?
A
-1) asciadicea
- seq squirts : biofouling
thealicea : salps, mucous net
2) appendicularia: mucous house, larvaceans, all 5 chordate characteristics
19
Q
where does the tripartite brain derive from? What are each parts’ function?
A
neural crest - 4th germ layer
- forebrain: olfactory
midbrain: ocular
hindbrain: all else
20
Q
Which extinction was the largest?
A
permian: 96%
21
Q
What are the groups of Agnatha?
A
Ostracoderms
Cylclostomata
- mixini: hagfish - slime, ISOOSMOTIC, keratinized rasping teeth, not
- petromyzontida: lamprey - anticoagulant, parasitic, osmoregulators ,
22
Q
describe the origin of gills
A
from the mandibular/ hyoid arch
- pseudo branches behind them
23
Q
What are the origins of paired fins?
A
1) finfolds –> finlets –> paired fins
2) extension of lateral mesodermal tissue
24
Q
what kinds of jaws do sharks have?
A
hyostolic jaw suspension
25
How do bones grow?
- osteoblasts lay down new bone
26
What are the two forms of swim bladder development?
1) physostomous: connected to esophagus, oxygen gets to blood via esophagus so fish must surface
2) physoclistous: blood exchanges oxygen, no need for surfacing
27
What is the process for fish respiration?
Countercurrent gas exchange (efficient!)
28
describe teleosts
- cylcoid/ctenoid scales
- homocercal tail
- pre maxilla jaws
- pharyngeal jaws
- swim bladder
29
what is the closest living relative to tetrapods?
dipnoi (lung fish!)
30
What are the tetrapodomorphs?
Eustheroptera
Tiktaalik - intermediate
Acanthostega - boris 8 toes
Icthyostega- 7 toes
31
what are the names of the groups that gave rise to amniotes and lissamphibia etc.
lepospondyl: related to amniotes
Arthracosaur: rise to amniotes
temnospondyl: rise to lissamphibia
32
Describe the number of chambers hearts have
- amphibians have 3 chambered hearts
- birds/crocs/mammals/dinos have 4 chambered hearts
33
what is neoteny?
"child form" a form of paedomorphosis
eg; axelotle still has gills and child form but can reproduce
also mud puppies
34
what is the term for the frog mating position?
amplexus
35
what are the two splits for the amniotes?
- synapsids
saurosids --> diapsids
36
How do anamniotes breathe? What about amniotes?
anamniotes use throat and mouth muscles to push air down
amniotes use rib / muscles to pull air in
37
what is a Jacobson's organ?
olfactory sensor on the roof of snakes mouth
38
How do turtles breathe? Also which gender is produced at what temperature?
turtles use box contraction of sling muscles
- flex hind muscles, and retract shoulders
- females produced at >31 C
39
what are the 3 groups of dinosaurs?
1) herrarasaurus
2) ornithischians
3) saurischians
40
what do theropods have in common with modern birds?
brooding eggs, feathers, furcula (wishbone), pneumatized
41
what are the names of the 3 feathered dinosaurs?
Sinosauropteryx - fine filamentous
Caudiopteryx- symmetrical veined
Archaeopteryx: intermediate - feathers, long neck, furcula, lunate wrist bone: but still had teeth, short forelimbs, tail, no keel on sternum
42
what are the feather terms?
quill/calamus
shaft/rachis
43
what are the flying types?
Passive soaring: hawk
Active soaring: gulls
high speed: swallow
Elliptical: branch hopping
44
describe the bones of the bird
- rigid vertebral column
- flexible wishbone (furcula),
lunate wristbands,
keel on sternum
45
what are the two muscles involved in flight called?
pectoralis
supracoracoideus
46
what do birds use to breathe?
Falveolar system
parabranchii
continuous air flow
47
Describe bird eyes
pecten: provides nutrients/oxygen to the eye
fovea: keenest vision spot
48
what are the two baby bird types?
altricial and precocial
49
what is the total group of birds called?
Neornithes
50
how do shark jaws attach?
Hyostolic jaw suspension via upper and lower jaw fused to the chondrocranium via hyoid arch
51
what are ampullae of lorenzini?
in sharks, to detect bio electrical fields
52
how many species of coelocanths are known?
2
53
Do cyclostomata have scales?
nope
54
what are the two families found in clade sedentaria?
- family siboglinidae: beard worms = hydrothermal vents with chemoautotrophic bacteria
- family echiurideae: spoon worms, secondary unsegmented
55
which animals use peristalsis? which have circular muscles to do this?
annelids, nematodes, sea cucumbers
- only annelids have the circular muscles
56
what is the dorsal hollow nerve tube? What is its formation process called and what does it lead to?
Dorsal hollow nerve tube runs dorsal to the notochord in inverts and through the vertebrae In verts
- via neurelation (from ectoderm)
- anterior end = brain
57
how do we know that the tunicates are chordates?
the free swimming larvae shows all 5 chordate characteristics
- AND appendicularia shows all 5 for its entire lifetime
58
how do the salps use water current?
For both feeding, gas exchange, and propulsion
59
Where is the cerebrum? The cerebral cortex? The cerebellum?
Cerebrum covers the cerebral cortex in the forebrain: main processing centre of the brain
Cerebellum: in the hindbrain
60
what are the key features of vertebrates/craniata?
- neural crest = tri partite brain
- mineralized tissue: cranium/vertebrae
- semi circular canals
- ectodermal places
61
where do hagfish have vertebral elements? how do they eat btw?
in embryo and at the tail
- keratinized rasping teeth and know
62
Where do lamprey have vertebral elements? what are their larvae called? how do they regulate ions?
along their body
- ammocoete larvae - marine forms are anadromous
- osmoregulatory
63
what nervous system components are found in holobranchii?
- mechanism and electro receptors in rostrum
64
what are neuromasts?
in elasmobranchii, sensitive to vibrations/sounds
- lateral line system (mechanical)
65
Do sharks have internal or external fertilisation?
Internal (pelvic claspers)
66
true or false: squaloid sharks have an anal fin
FALSE
67
Do all chondricthyes have a spiracle?
Most
68
which of the chondircthyes have a fatty liver ?
elasmobranchii (most of the stuff applies to these guys)
holobranchii have cursing tooth plates, no scales, mechanical/electroreceptors on rostrum
69
What are some unique things about cladistia?
reed fish/bichirs
- unique dorsal finlets
- thick ganoid scales
- diphycercal tail
- lungs!!
70
What are some unique things to remember about chondrostei?
- sturgeons and paddlefish
- modified ganoid scales (sturgeons have scutes )
- cartilaginous endoskeleton w/ some ossification (mostly cartilage!)
- spiracle (all other oesticthyes don't)
-hetrocercal tail
71
describe the unique features of holosteans
-1 bowfin, gars
- ganoid scales
- abbreviated heterocercal tail
- lungs/swim bladder for breathing
- light ossification
72
Describe some unique features about teleosts
- ossified bony skeleton
- homocercal tail
- cycloid/ctenoid scales
- swim bladder
- pre maxilla jaws and pharyngeal jaws
73
what is a rostral organ?
an electroreceptive organ in actinistia
74
What are some important features about dipnoi?
- lungfish
- cosmoid scales
- closest living relative to tetrapods
- diphycercal tail
- DOUBLE CIRCULATION
- crushing tooth plates
75
what period did fishapods originate?
Devonian
76
Which animal had amhibian skull and lungs first?
Icthyostega
77
Do all lungfish have lungs?
no! some have lungs, estivation but some still have gill respiration
78
what were the adaptations for terrestrial tetrapods?
- air breathing adaptations, double circulation (lungs baby) bigger limbs
79
what gave rise to the lissamphibians?
temnospondyls: 4 toe amphibian, gave rise to lissamphibians
80
what pulmonary mechanism do amphibians use?
- buccal breathing: using cheeks to push air into lungs
81
what is the tympanum?
- membrane transmits sound to inner eat bone (does not process the sound tho)
- also can hear with lungs and forelimbs
82
Describe frog vertebral columns?
- shortened: 9 trunk vertebrae and a urostyle
- column lost a lot of flexibility for jumping
83
what was the age of reptiles
the mesozoic
84
describe positive and negative pressure ventilation
positive: buccal breathing, mouth and throat muscles push air in (anamniotes)
negative: sucks air in, rubs/muscular contraction (amniotes) = aspiration
85
Which animals can 'see' uv and infrared light? Why?
some lizards/snakes
- they have bigger cerebrum and cerebellums
86
what group are hemipenes a synapomorphy?
- Squamata NOT sphenodonta
87
What kind of brain do Squamata have? What is unique about their brains?
- they are diapsids w/ some lost bones
- mobile kinetic skull with moveable joints
- snout can tilt up, FLEXIBLE BRAIN CASE,
88
What are the only marine lizards?
- marine iguanid in the Galapagos
89
which lizard are thought to be the MOST closely related to snakes?
monitor lizards
90
what are pit organs for?
- temperature sensing in pit vipers
91
what is the outer and inner layer of the shell of turtles called?
outer is keratin (scutes)
inner is bone
92
what is the order crocodillia descended from?
Thecodonts!
93
Which birds have passive soaring wings? Active soaring wings? High speed wings? Elliptical wings?
Hawks
Albatross/gulls
High speed wings
Elliptical wings
94
How do birds remove salt from their blood?
kidneys *uric acid* are not good at removing salt from the blood, salt glands do the
95
what was the KT extinction
- mammals radiated after asteroid
96
what is the dentary bone?
- single lower jaw bone
97
what is the yolk sac placenta? Where is it found?
In metatheria, a combination of yolk sac and the chorion to nourish embryo less complex than eutherians
--> gives birth to tiny altricial animals
98
Describe the placental pelvis
- wider pelvis opening and loss of epipubic bones
99
describe the fetal membranes
yolk sac
chorion + allantois = chorioallantoic placentra
- amnion
100
Did marine mammals all return to the ocean at the same time?
nope, they were separate events :)
101
What were the qualities of primates?
- mostly arboreal, binocular vision, large cerebral cortex
synapomorphies: opposable thumbs/big toes, nails instead of claws
102
what feature allowed for bipedalism? what about omnivorism?
the foramen magnum under the braincase = bipedalism
- less robust jaw = omnivores
103
are enteropneusta solitary or colonial ?
solitary, marine
104
are pterobranchia solitary or colonial?
Colonial, small
105
what period did the amniotes originate?
last carboniferous
106
what is the columella?
tympanum membrane transmits to columella (inner ear membrane)
107
what are the mass extinctions?
1) ordovician - 86%
2) Devonian - 75%
3) permian - 96%
4) triassic - 50-75%
5) cretaceous - 75%
6) Holocene - now
108
describe the mammal lineage
All 3 groups of living
mammals derived
from the same
lineage
― early synapsid
(“pelycosaur”)early
therapsidearly
cynodontearly
therian
109
What are the characteristics of clade dinosauria?
- strong knee and ankle joints
- upright stance (hips!)
- bipedal and quadrupedal
110
what is the difference between a dentary bone and a pre dentary bone?
predentary bone found in the ornithischians : beaked herbivorous
dentary bone: found in humans - single lower jaw bone
111
who were the first verts to eat trees ?
sauropods
112
what was the pelvis of archaeopteryx like?
saurischian like except the bone was directed to the back
113
Describe the skull bones of the squamates?
diapsids with lost bones which allows for a mobile kinetic skull and mobile joints
- joints allow snout to be pointed up
- flexible brain case esp. in snakes allows for major diversification
114
what kind of tail and hands do chameleons have?
zygodactylous feet and a prehensile tail
115
how much has vert population fallen since 1970?
60%
