Lab Module 15

Question 1

Many microbes are destroyed by the harsh (BLANK) environment of the stomach.

A) Hot
B) Basic
C) Cold
D) Acidic

Answer 1

Correct Answer:
D) Acidic

Question 2

To what structure is the arrow pointing?

A) T cell
B) B cell
C) Dendritic cell
D) Macrophage

Answer 2

Correct Answer:
C) Dendritic cell

Question 3

These host the largest population of the body’s immune cells.

A) True
B) False
C) None of these 1
D) None of these 2

Answer 3

Correct Answer:
A) True

Question 4

What are these known as and what role do they play?

A) Villi, absorption
B) Mitochondria, destroy bacteria
C) Microtubules, absorption
D) Villi, destroy bacteria

Answer 4

Correct Answer:
A) Villi, absorption

Question 5

To what structure is this arrow pointing?

A) Epithelium
B) Villi
C) Crypt
D) Peyer’s patch

Answer 5

Correct Answer:
C) Crypt

Question 6

What is the name of this cell?

A) IL-10
B) T cell
C) B cell
D) Macrophage

Answer 6

Correct Answer:
A) IL-10

Question 7

What does this cell do?

A) Exerts a suppressive action against villi
B) Exerts a suppressive action against cells
C) Exerts a encouraging action against cells
D) Exerts a encouraging action against villi

Answer 7

Correct Answer:
B) Exerts a suppressive action against cells

Question 8

According to the research findings, which combination of age-related factors drives the accumulation of ACCA drift across intestinal crypts?

A) Enhanced telomerase activity, improved DNA repair, and stronger Wnt signaling
B) Age-related inflammation, weakened Wnt signaling, and impaired iron metabolism
C) INCreased mitochondrial biogenesis, elevated ATP production, and reduced inflammation
D) DECreased stem cell turnover, INCreased microbiome DIversity, and stabilized iron metabolism

Answer 8

Correct Answer:
B) Age-related inflammation, weakened Wnt signaling, and impaired iron metabolism

Question 9

Which characteristic of the human gut contributes to its ability to renew itself more rapidly than other tissues?

A) Abundance of muscle cells capable of regeneration
B) Constant activation of immune cells that stimulate tissue growth
C) Presence of specialized stem cells that generate new cells every few days
D) High DENsity of fibroblasts that continuously DIviDE

Answer 9

Correct Answer:
C) Presence of specialized stem cells that generate new cells every few days

Question 10

Why does an epigenetic change in a single intestinal stem cell affect an entire intestinal crypt?

A) Each crypt originates from a single stem cell, so its descendants carry the same epigenetic profile.
B) Epigenetic marks spread randomly across crypts regardless of cell lineage.
C) Each crypt is composed of cells derived independently from several stem cells.
D) Crypt cells actively exchange DNA segments, equalizing epigenetic patterns.

Answer 10

Correct Answer:
A) Each crypt originates from a single stem cell, so its descendants carry the same epigenetic profile.

Question 11

How do age-related changes in iron handling contribute to the development of epigenetic drift in intestinal cells?

A) Aged cells increase iron storage, which overstimulate TET enzymes and destabilize the genome.
B) Excess iron accumulates in the nucleus and directly causes hypermethylation.
C) Iron(ii) levels remain constance, but inflammation blocks access of TET enzymes to DNA.
D) Reduced iron absorption and increased iron release lower nuclear iron levels, impairing TET enzyme function.

Answer 11

Correct Answer:
D) Reduced iron absorption and increased iron release lower nuclear iron levels, impairing TET enzyme function.

Question 12

Which intervention was shown to slow down or partially reverse epigenetic drift in intestinal organoid cultures?

A) Restoring iron import into cells
B) inhibiting TET enzyme activity
C) Blocking all Wnt signaling to reduce cell proliferation
D) Increasing oxidative stress to stimulate DNA repair,

Answer 12

Correct Answer:
A) Restoring iron import into cells