BIO 151 A&P II > Lab Practical Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Practical Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 categories of tests that can be performed on a urine sample

A
  • Chemical analysis
  • Direct observation (gross inspection)
  • Microscopic examination of urine sediments
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2
Q

4 categories of urine sediments

A
  • Casts
  • Cells
  • Crystals
  • Mucus threads
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3
Q

Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: glucose present

  • Possible dietary cause
  • Possible disease cause
A
  • Large meal consumed
  • Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
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4
Q

Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: high pH (> 8.0)

  • Possible dietary cause
  • Possible disease cause
A
  • Diet rich in vegetables, dairy products
  • Severe anemia
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5
Q

Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: high specific gravity (> 1.025)

  • Possible dietary cause
  • Possible disease cause
A
  • Decreased fluid intake, loss of fluids
  • Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, severe anemia
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6
Q

Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: low pH (< 4.5)

  • Possible dietary cause
  • Possible disease cause
A
  • High protein diet, cranberry juice
  • Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
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7
Q

Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: low specific gravity (< 1.010)

  • Possible dietary cause
  • Possible disease cause
A
  • Increased fluid intake
  • Severe renal damage
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8
Q

Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: protein present

  • Possible dietary cause
  • Possible disease cause
A
  • High protein diet
  • Severe anemia
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9
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: clear to light yellow color

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Alcohol
  • Phosphate, carbonate
  • Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
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10
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: yellow orange to dark green color

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Carrots
  • Antibiotics
  • Bilirubin from obstructive jaundice
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11
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: brown-black

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Rhubarb
  • Antidepressants
  • Melanin pigment from melanoma
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12
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: brown

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Rhubarb
  • Barbiturates
  • Anemia or liver infections
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13
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: dark wine

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Beets
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Hemolytic jaundice
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14
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: green

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Green food dye
  • Diuretics
  • Bacterial infection
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15
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: red to red brown

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Beets
  • Laxatives
  • Hemoglobine & urine
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16
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: smoky red

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Beets
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Unhemolyzed RBCs from urinary tract
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17
Q

Amylase

  • What is it
  • What produces it
  • What does it do
A
  • Digestive enzyme
  • Produced by salivary glands and the pancreas
  • Breaks dietary starches down into more simple sugars
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18
Q

Amylase is secreted by the salivary glands and the pancreas.

It breaks down ____

A

Starch

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19
Q

Bile

  • Where is it produced
  • Where is it stored
  • What is it composed of
A
  • Produced by the liver
  • Stored and concentrated in the gallbladder
  • Composed of bile pigments, bile salts, and cholesterol
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20
Q

Bile salts

  • Function
A
  • Emulsifier
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21
Q

Biuret reagent

  • What is it
  • How are results exhibited
A
  • Protein indicator
  • Detects the presence of peptide bonds
    • pale blue = negative for protein
    • pale purple = positive for protein
    • pink = shorter peptides present
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22
Q

Bromothymol blue

  • What does it indicate
  • How are results exhibited
A
  • Chemical pH indicator
  • Results
    • blue = pH > 7
    • yellow = pH < 7
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23
Q

Cholesterol

  • What is it
  • Molecular structure
A
  • Lipid
  • Over 20 carbon atoms configured into 4 rings
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24
Q

Fatty acids

  • Molecular structure
  • Polar or nonpolar?
A
  • Long chains of carbon with hydrogen attached
  • Nonpolar
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25
Lipid * What is it * Molecular structure
* Macromolecule * Hundreds of molecules of mostly _carbon_ and _hydrogen_
26
Phospholipid * What is it * Molecular structure
* Lipid * Structure * **3-carbon glycerol** molecule * **Phosphate group;** and * **2 fatty acids**
27
What is an emulsifier
A substance that has a polar and nonpolar component that can disperse fat into smaller particles in water or other polar solutions.
28
Which kidney is higher, the left or the right?
Left kidney is slightly superior than the right kidney
29
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort (1,200 mL)
30
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) % formula
* FEV1 / FVC \* 100 = % * Most important measurement
31
Function of the respiratory system
Exchange gases with the environment in a process known as ventilation (breathing)
32
Function residual capacity (FRC)
Volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation
33
Identify blue structure
Spleen
34
Identify
Urinary bladder
35
Identify
Myometrium of uterus *Layer of smooth muscle tissue deep to the endometrium*
36
Identify
Primary follicle of ovary
37
Identify
Epithelium of esophagus *Verify: Stratified squamous epithelium*
38
Identify
Esophagus
39
Identify
Alveolus of lung | (high magnification)
40
Identify
Central v. of liver
41
Identify
Ureters
42
Identify
Urethra
43
Identify
Vas deferens
44
Identify
Submucosa of duodenum
45
Identify
Left lung
46
Identify
Ascending colon
47
Identify
Uterus
48
Identify
Spermatic cord
49
Identify
Epithelium of trachea | (ciliated pseudostratified columnar)
50
Identify
Mesentery
51
Identify
Trachea
52
Identify
Urinary bladder
53
Identify
Leydig cells of testis
54
Identify
Right lung
55
Identify
Duodenum of the small intestine
56
Identify
Adventitia of esophagus
57
Identify
Flow transducer
58
Identify respiratory & digestive systems
59
Identify
Submucosal gland of duodenum | (Brunner's gland)
60
Identify
Gallbladder
61
Identify
BIOPAC
62
Identify
Testis
63
Identify
Sigmoid colon
64
Identify
Secondary follicle in ovary
65
Identify
Pancreas
66
Identify
Ovarian follicle of ovary
67
Identify
Ovaries
68
Identify
Epididymis
69
Identify
Epithelium of endometrium of uterus Layer closest to the lumen and containing many glands with tube-like structures
70
Identify
Urinary bladder
71
Identify
Oocyte of ovary
72
Identify
Endometrium of uterus
73
Identify
Urinary bladder
74
Identify
Villus of duodenum
75
Identify
Urethra
76
Identify
Alveolar duct of lung
77
Identify
Of duodenum
78
Identify
Muscularis mucosae of esophagus
79
Identify
Esophagus
80
Identify
81
Identify
Interstinal gland of duodenum
82
Identify
Cardiac notch
83
Identify
Mucosa of esophagus
84
Identify
Spleen
85
Identify
Pancreas
86
Identify
Epididymis
87
Identify
Submucosa of esophagus
88
Identify
Spermatozoa (pleural) of testis Spermatozoon (singular) of testis
89
Identify
Jejunum of small intestine
90
Identify
91
Identify
Primary oocyte
92
Identify
Urinary bladder
93
Identify
Transverse colon
94
Identify
VERIFY: ref card 76 Mucosa of duodenum
95
Identify
Alveolar sac of lung
96
Identify
Ureters
97
Identify
Electronic water bath
98
Identify
Spleen
99
Identify
Urinary bladder
100
Identify
Appendix
101
Identify
Epididymis
102
Identify
Vagina
103
Identify
Muscularis externa of esophagus
104
Identify
Primordial follicle of ovary
105
Identify
Renal tubules with simple cuboidal epithelium (Kidneys)
106
Identify
Vas deferens
107
Identify
Lumen of testis
108
Identify
Pancreatic islets
109
Identify
Glomerulus of renal corpuscle (kidney)
110
Identify
Urethra
111
Identify
Descending colon
112
Identify
Bowman's capsule of renal corpuscle (kidney)
113
Identify
Scrotum
114
Identify
Stomach
115
Identify
Alveolus of lung | (low magnification)
116
Identify
Ileum of the small intestine
117
Identify
Muscularis externa of duodenum
118
Identify
Hepatocytes in liver *(In the hepatic cords)*
119
Identify
Hepatic sinusoid in liver *(Sinusoids are spaces between hepatic cords)*
120
Identify
Seminiferous tubule of testis
121
Identify
Spermatic cord
122
Identify #1
Lungs
123
Identify #10
Ascending colon
124
Identify #11
Transverse colon
125
Identify #12
Descending colon
126
Identify #13
Sigmoid colon
127
Identify #14
Spleen
128
Identify #15
Mesentery
129
Identify #16
Pancreas
130
Identify #17
Appendix | (vermiform)
131
Identify #18
Caecum
132
Identify #19
Esophagus
133
Identify #2
Trachea
134
Identify #2
Trachea
135
Identify #20
Kidneys
136
Identify #21
Ureters
137
Identify #22
Urinary bladder
138
Identify #22
Urinary bladder
139
Identify #22
Urinary bladder
140
Identify #23
Urethra
141
Identify #23
Urethra
142
Identify #24
Scrotal sac | (scrotum)
143
Identify #25
Testis
144
Identify #26
Vas deferens | (ductus deferens)
145
Identify #27
Penis
146
Identify #28
Epididymis
147
Identify #29
Spermatic cord
148
Identify #3
Diaphragm
149
Identify #30
Vagina
150
Identify #31
Uterus
151
Identify #31
Uterus
152
Identify #32
Ovary
153
Identify #32
Ovaries
154
Identify #4
Larynx
155
Identify #4a
Epiglottis
156
Identify #5
Greater omentum *(part of the peritoneum)*
157
Identify #6
Liver
158
Identify #7
Gallbladder
159
Identify #8
Stomach
160
Identify #8
Stomach
161
Identify #9
Small intestine *(comprises the duodenum, jejunum, ileum)*
162
Identify (arrow)
Hyaline cartilage of trachea
163
Identify open space at top (arrow)
Lumen of trachea
164
Identify
Terminal bronchiole of lung | (low magnification)
165
Identify
Conducting bronchiole of lung | (low magnification)
166
Identify - female pelvis
167
Identify - female pelvis
168
Identify - male pelvis
169
Identify - male pelvis midsagittal
170
Identify female reproductive system
171
Identify form & function
Acini (exocrine pancreas) Secrete digestive enzymes
172
Identify male reproductive & urinary systems
173
Identify on spirogram
174
Identify outmost layer at the bottom
Serosa of duodenum
175
Identify respiratory & digestive systems (2)
176
Identify the different urine sediment categories
177
Identify the two parts
Head and flagellum
178
Identify white space at the top
Lumen of duodenum
179
Identify white space to the left
Lumen of esophagus
180
Inspiratory capacity (IC) * What is it * How is it calculated
* Maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration * Sum of the **TIDAL VOLUME** and the **INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME**
181
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort (3,000 mL)
182
Lugo's solution * What is it * What does it detect * How are results exhibited
* Reagent * Detects the change in _starch_ level * pale yellow = absence of starch * purple / black = positive for starch. Progressively lighter as less starch is present
183
Microscopic view of oil/water mixture. Which side has an emulsifier?
Right
184
Name the four colons of the large intestine, in order
* Ascending colon * Transverse colon * Descending colon * Sigmoid colon
185
Name the organ where urine is stored
Urinary bladder
186
Nonpolar
* Covalent bond that produces a molecule _without any charge_ * Common when many of the same or similar atoms are bonded
187
Normal urine characteristics * Color * Turbidity * pH range * Specific gravity * Sediments * Solutes (~5%)
* _Color_: light yellow to dark golden yellow * _Turbidity_: clear * _pH range_: 4.5 - 8 * _Specific gravity_: 1.010 - 1.025 * _Sediments_: epithelial cells, hyaline casts, crystals, mucous threads, bacteria * _Solutes_: electrolytes, urea, uric acid, creatinine, hormones, very small amounts of protein, glucose, bilirubin, ketones
188
Indications of _obstructive airway diseases_
* FEV1 / FVC % = \< 75% (normal is 80%) * FVC = \> 80% of predicted value * _RV increased_
189
List 4 obstructive airway diseases
1. Asthma 2. Bronchitis 3. COPD (chronic bronchitis & emphysema) 4. Emphysema
190
Pancreatic lipase * Where is it produced * What does it do and where
* Produced by the _pancreatic acinar cells_ * Chemically _digests triglycerides (substrate)_ into fatty acids, glycerol, and some monoglycerides (products) _within the small intestine_
191
Pepsin * Function * What produces it * Environment it is most active
* Digestive **enzyme** * Breaks larger proteins into shorter chain peptides * begins in the **stomach** * produced by the **chief cells of the stomach** * Activity is greatest in an **acidic environment**, such as the stomach, which secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl)
192
List the 2 phases of ventilation (breathing)
1. Inhalation 2. Exhalation
193
Place the following in order from inferior to superior: cecum, descending colon, stomach
* Cecum * Descending colon * Stomach
194
Polar
* Covalent or ionic bond that produces a molecule with _electrical charges_ * Common when atoms that are very dissimilar are bonded
195
Residual volume (RV)
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration
196
List 4 restrictive lung expansion diseases
1. Acute respiratory distress syndrome 2. Asbestosis 3. Infant respiratory distress syndrome (lack of pulmonary surfactant) 4. Pulmonary fibrosis
197
Indications of _restrictive lung expansion diseases_
* FEV1 / FVC% = \> 75% (80% close to normal) * FVC = \< 80% of predicted value * _TLC decreased_
198
Restrictive lung diseases * Affect on physiology
* Affect the FVC and FEV1 amounts proportionally (both values will drop) * FEV1 / FVC % remains close to normal
199
Saturated fatty acids * Molecular structure
* _Single carbon-to-carbon bonds_ with _hydrogen_ atoms attached
200
Specific gravity * What is it * What does it indicate
* Density of a fluid as compared to distilled water * Indicator for _osmolarity_ of the fluid * *Note: specific gravity is a comparative number and therefore has no unit associated with it*
201
Spirometer function
Measures lung volume
202
Structures of the female reproductive system
* Fallopian tube * Ovary * Uterus * Vagina
203
Structures of the male reproductive system
* Epididymis * Penis * Prostate gland * Seminal vesicle * Testis * Urinary bladder * Urethra * Vas deferens
204
Structures of the respiratory system
* Diaphragm * Larynx * Left lung * Right lung * Trachea
205
Structures of the urinary system
* 2 Kidneys * Urethra * Urinary bladder * 2 Ureters
206
T/F Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated
True
207
T/F Lipids in liquid form are oils that do not mix with water because water is polar
True
208
T/F Normal urine contains small numbers of body cells
True
209
T/F Saturated fatty acids have all single carbon-to-carbon bonds
True
210
T/F Unsaturated fatty acids contain one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds between carbons
True
211
Tidal volume
Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing (500 mL)
212
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Maximum amount lungs can hold (4650-6400 mL)
213
Total lung capacity (TLC) formula
TLC = IRV + TV + ERV
214
Triglycerides * Molecular structure * How is lipid catabolism visualized
* **1 glycerol molecule** and **3 fatty acid chains** * Can visualize how much lipid catabolism occurs by using a chemical **pH indicator** * The more the fatty acids accumulate, the more acidic the solution becomes
215
Turbidity * Describe * What does it indicate
* Visual quality based on clarity (cloudiness) of solution * Abnormal urine contents such as protein, salts, cells and cellular contents
216
Unsaturated fatty acids * Molecular structure
* Contains _one or more double bonds_ between _carbons_ with _hydrogen_ atoms attached
217
Urine sediment casts * Describe * Casts & their indications * normal * RBC * WBC * waxy
* Cylindrical masses of cells or other substances that collect in the distal convoluted tubule or the collecting ducts and are eventually flushed out by the flow of urine * Indications * normal urine contains _hyaline casts_ * RBC casts indicate _glomerular damage_ * WBC casts indicate _infection_ * waxy casts are the result of _WBC casts that are retained in the tubules_
218
List cells in urine sediment
* Epithelial cells *(renal tubule cells, transitional cells, squamous cells)* * Erythrocytes * Leukocytes
219
Urine sediment mucus threads * Describe * Describe normal & abnormal indications
* Long, thin strands of mucus * Normal urine contains small quantities of mucus threads * Large quantities indicate _infection_, especially _STDs_
220
Urine sediments * Describe * What does it include?
* Microscopic solids that collects at the bottom of a centrifuged urine sample * Includes normal and abnormal urine components
221
Describe the ventilation process
* Air travels through the structures of the respiratory system to the small air sacs (alveoli) where the gases O2 and CO2 can be exchanged with the blood
222
Vital capacity (VC)
Maximum quantity of air in one breath (4500-5500 mL)
223
Fatty acids * Molecular structure * Polar or nonpolar?
* Long chains of _carbon_ with _hydrogen_ attached * Nonpolar
224
What do high numbers of erythrocytes (RBC) casts indicate?
* Menstruation * Glomerular damage * Trauma to the urinary tract
225
What do high numbers of leukocytes (WBC) casts indicate?
Infection
226
What do high numbers of renal tubule cells indicate?
Kidney disease
227
What four structures are in the spermatic cord?
1. Epididymis 2. Pampiniform plexus 3. Testicular artery and vein 4. Vas deferens
228
What instrument is used to measure specific gravity?
Hydrometer
229
What is a hydrometer that is specifically calibrated for measuring urine called?
* Urine hydrometer; or * Urinometer
230
What is a reagent
Chemical indicator that detects the presence of fatty acids, proteins, and starch
231
What is carbon dioxide
* A waste product of metabolism * Must be removed from the body by exhalation
232
What is the last region of the small intestine called?
Ileum
233
What is the most common lipid?
Triglyceride
234
What is this?
Hydrometer *Urine hydrometer if measuring specific gravity of urine*
235
What must chemical digestive reactions have?
* **Substrate**: the substance that the enzyme is acting on (it undergoes a chemical change) * **Enzyme:** the protein catalyzing this reaction (it can often be reused and/or recycled)
236
What organ may be mistaken for a kidney due to its color and proximity?
Spleen
237
What organs create urine?
* Bladder * Kidneys * Ureters * Urethra
238
What part of the respiratory system prevents choking on food/liquids?
Epiglottis
239
To create a negative control for an enzymatic reaction, what would not be included?
Substrate, enzyme, or both
240
Which part of the peritoneum extends inferiorly below the stomach to cover all the rest of the abdominopelvic organs?
Visceral peritoneum
241
Which part of the peritoneum holds the loops of the small intestine together?
Mesentery
242
Why do tissues need oxygen for internal respiration?
To make ATP
BIO 151 A&P II
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