1
Q
T/F
Embryology is the study of prenatal development
A
True
2
Q
T/F
There are three primary germ layers in an embryo
A
True
3
Q
T/F
Amnion is the transparent sac that develops from epiblast. It fills with amniotic fluid that protects the embryo from trauma, infections, and temperature fluctuations and is only penetrated by the umbilical cord.
A
True
4
Q
T/F
Tubal pregnancy is a synonym for ectopic pregnancies
A
True
5
Q
T/F
Monozygotic twins form when one egg is fertilized (one zygote) but the embryoblast later divides into two. These individuals are genetically identical, of the same sex, and nearly identical in appearance.
A
True
6
Q
T/F
A blastocyst is a solid sphere made up of three layers (trophoblast, embryoblast, and blastocoel).
A
False
It is a hollow sphere
7
Q
T/F
During fetal blood circulation, blood bypasses the lung going directly from the right atrium to the left atrium via a hole in the “interventricular septum”
A
False
It is the interatrial septum
8
Q
T/F
Sexual reproduction entails the union of two gonads to form a zygote.
A
False
9
Q
T/F
An egg must be fertilized within 36-48 hours of ovulation, if it is to survive.
A
False
Must be fertilized within 12-24 hours
10
Q
T/F
From puberty through adulthood, reproductive function is regulated by hormonal links between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland only.
A
False
VERIFY
11
Q
T/F
Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, composed of 4 month intervals
A
False
12
Q
At 16 days old an embryo consists of three primary germ layers. Which of the choices below are the correct terms for the three primary germ layers?
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm
- Ectoderm
- Hectoderm
- A-C
A
A-C
13
Q
Polyspermy is the act of
- An egg being fertilized by one sperm
- A sperm fertilizing an egg with no genetic material
- An egg being fertilized by a defected sperm
- A sperm fertilizing 2 or more eggs
- An egg being fertilized by two or more sperm
A
An egg being fertilized by two or more sperm
14
Q
Mitotic divisions that occur in the first 3 days while the conceptus migrates down uterine tube is known as ____________.
- Cleavage
- Zygote
- Fertilization
- Embryogensis
- Implantation
A
- Cleavage
15
Q
The nervous system is derived from the _______________ germ layer.
- Ectoderm
- Fectoderm
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm
A
- Ectoderm
16
Q
Which of the following is not considered a preembryonic stage?
- Implosion
- Cleavage
- Implantation
- Embryogenesis
A
- Implosion
17
Q
The bladder and glands of the respiratory system is derived from the _______________ germ layer.
- Ectoderm
- Fectoderm
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm
A
Endoderm
18
Q
Cartilage, blood and the skeletal system is derived from the _______________ germ layer.
- Ectoderm
- Fectoderm
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm
A
Mesoderm
19
Q
During neonates transitional period
- Their heart and respiratory rates increase; body temperature falls
- The physical activity declines and baby sleeps for about 3 hours
- They often gags on mucus and debris in the pharynx
- All of the above
A
All of the above
20
Q
What is the function of syncytiotophoblast?
- Grows into the uterus like little roots
- Closes the embryoblast
- To maintain in contact with the endometrium
- To force the blastocyst to divide.
A
- Grows into the uterus like little roots
21
Q
By the end of 5 weeks during embryonic folding and organogenesis the thoracic cavity has subdivided into the ______________.
- Pleural cavity
- Pericardial cavity
- Mediastinum cavity
- Pleural and mediastinum cavities
- Pericardial and pleural cavities
A
Pericardial and pleural cavities
22
Q
Allantois is a type of embryonic membrane that begins as an outpocketing of the yolk sac. It will become ________.
- Part of the urinary bladder
- A testis
- Part of the large intestine
- Internal umbilical cord
A
Part of the urinary bladder
23
Q
Blastocyst is a hallow ball that forms during the preembryonic stage of pregnancy. This ball is three layer, which of the following is not a layer of a blastocyst?
- Blastocoels
- Blastomere
- Trophoblast
- Embryoblast
A
Blastomere
24
Q
Which of the follow is not true about “dizygotic” twins?
- Form from two eggs being fertilized at the same time by two different sperms
- No more or less genetically similar than any other siblings
- Implant separately in the uterine wall and each forms its own placenta
- Genetically identical, of the same sex, and nearly identical in appearance
- Account for about two-thirds of twins
A
Genetically identical, of the same sex, and nearly identical in appearance
25
Having an extra chromosome produces a triple set is commonly known as \_\_\_.
1. Nondisjuction
2. Monosomy
3. Sampling
4. Trisomy
5. Nullisomy
Trisomy
26
Gonads begin to develop \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
1. 2 to 3 weeks after fertilization
2. 5 to 6 weeks after fertilization
3. 8 to 9 weeks after fertilization
4. 20 to 24 weeks after fertilization
5. At birth
5 to 6 weeks after fertilization (VERIFY)
27
The cessation of menstruation is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1. Menopause
2. Climacteric
3. Atresia
4. Puberty
5. Menstrual
Menopause
28
The morula stage happens when the conceptus arrives to the uterus, this usually happens within ______ hours.
1. 12
2. 24
3. 36
4. 48
5. 72
72
29
During gestation the conceptus is nourished in three different, overlapping ways which of the following is **_not_** a nutrient pathway?
1. Uterine milk
2. Trophoblastic nutrition
3. Placental nutrition
4. Umbilical milk
Umbilical milk
30
The umbilical cord is formed of\_\_\_\_\_
1. Two umbilical arteries
2. One umbilical vein
3. Two shunts
4. Two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein
5. One umbilical vein two shunts
Two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein
31
The three primary germ layers of an embryo consist of all the following ***_except_***:
1. Ectoderm
2. Fectoderm
3. Endoderm
4. Mesoderm
Fectoderm
32
Vast majority of sperm do not make it to egg because they
1. Are destroyed by vaginal acid or drain out of vagina
2. Are fail to penetrate the mucus of the cervical canal
3. Are destroyed by leukocytes in the uterus
4. Half of the sperm go up wrong uterine tube
5. All of the above
All of the above
33
The fetus has several shunts to help with blood circulation, the ___________ allows for blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit moving directly from the right atrium to the left atrium.
1. Umbilical placental circuit
2. Ductus arteriosus
3. Foramen ovale
4. Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
34
The preembryonic stage has three major processes it undergoes during the first 16 days of development. These major processes include all of the following ***_expect_***:
1. Implantation
2. Burrowing
3. Cleavage
4. Embryogenesis
5. All of the above
Burrowing
35
The fetus has several shunts to help with blood circulation; the ___________ allows blood to flow directly from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta.
1. Umbilical placental circuit
2. Ductus arteriosus
3. Foramen ovale
4. Ductus venosus
Ductus arteriosus
36
Stretching of uterus increases OT release, causes contractions, causing more stretching of uterus, etc. until delivery. This is an example of ________ feedback.
1. Positive
2. Negative
Positive
37
The fetus has several shunts to help with blood circulation, the ___________ allows for Placental blood to bypasses the liver and flow into the inferior vena cava (IVC).
1. Umbilical placental circuit
2. Ductus arteriosus
3. Foramen ovale
4. Ductus venosus
Ductus venosus
38
Which of the following statements is not true concerning a neonate’s transitional period?
1. It’s the first 6 to 8 hours of life
2. Heart and respiratory rates decrease; body temperature rise
3. Their physical activity declines and baby sleeps for about 3 hours; second period of activity, baby often gags on mucus and debris in the pharynx; baby sleeps again and becomes more stable
4. They settle into a cycle of waking every 3 to 4 hours to feed
Heart and respiratory rates decrease; body temperature rise
39
Infants born before 7 months tend to suffer from
1. Immature liver
2. Digestive issues
3. Thermoregulatory
4. Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
5. All of the above
All of the above
40
Alcohol, nicotine, diagnostic x-rays, microorganisms are considered _______ and can lead to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
1. Teratology; birth defects
2. Congenital anomalies; birth defects
3. Deformities; anomalies
4. Teratogens; teratology
5. Teratogens; birth defects
Teratogens; birth defects
41
Sickle cell is an inheritable ______________ disease.
1. Dominant
2. Autosomal
3. Recessive
4. Co-dominant
VERIFY
Recessive
42
Neurotransmitters
* What releases them
* What do they do
* Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell
43
What are hormones
* Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs
44
What are endocrine glands
* Organs that are traditional sources of hormones
45
Describe exocrine glands
* Have ducts carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract: “external secretions”
* Extracellular effects (food digestion)
46
Endocrine gland characteristics
* No ducts
* Contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream
* “Internal secretions”
* Intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism
47
Liver cells
* Defy rigid classification
* Rreleases hormones, releases bile into ducts, releases albumin and blood-clotting factors into blood (not hormones)
48
What is the pituitary gland suspended from?
Hypothalamus; by a stalk called _infundibulum_
49
Location & size of pituitary gland
* Housed in **sella turcica of sphenoid bone**
* Size and shape of kidney bean
50
What is the pituitary gland composed of?
* 2 structures with independent origins and separate functions
* **Adenohypophysis** (anterior pituitary): Arises from hypophyseal pouch (outgrowth of pharynx)
* **Neurohypophysis** (posterior pituitary): Down-growth from brain
51
Oxytocin (OT)
* What is it
* What does it do
* Posterior pituitary hormone
* Surge of hormone released during **sexual arousal** and **orgasm**
* Stimulate **uterine contractions** and **propulsion of semen**
* Promotes feelings of **sexual satisfaction** and **emotional bonding between partners**
* Stimulates **labor contractions** during childbirth
* Stimulates **flow of milk** during lactation
* Promotes emotional **bonding** between lactating mother and infant
52
Control of pituitary secretion
Positive feedback
* Stretching of uterus increases OT release
* Causes contractions, causing more stretching of uterus, etc. until delivery
53
Pineal gland
* Where is it
* What happens after age 7
* What does it do?
* _Attached to roof of third ventricle beneath the posterior end of_ corpus callosum
* After age 7, it undergoes **involution** (shrinkage)
* Down 75% by end of puberty
* Tiny mass of shrunken tissue in adults
* **Synthesizes melatonin** from serotonin during the night
* Fluctuates seasonally with changes in day length
* May synchronize physiological function with 24-hour **circadian rhythms** of daylight and darkness
54
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
* Symptoms
* Treatment
* Occurs in winter or northern climates
* Symptoms
* depression
* sleepiness
* irritability
* carbohydrate craving
* 2-3 hours of exposure to bright light each day reduces the melatonin levels and the symptoms (phototherapy)
55
List the 3 pancreatic islets
* Glucagon
* Insulin
* Somatostatin
56
Glucagon
* What is it secreted by
* When is it released
* Secreted by **A** or **alpha (a) cells**
* Released between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling
57
Insulin
* What is it secreted by
* When is it released
* What does it stimulate? What does insufficiency cause?
* Secreted by **B** or **beta (b) cells**
* Secreted during and after meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising
* Stimulates cells to absorb these nutrients and store or metabolize them **lowering blood glucose levels**
* Insufficiency or inaction is cause of **diabetes mellitus**
58
Somatostatin
* What is it secreted by
* When is it released
* What does it do
* Secreted by **D** or **delta (d) cells**
* Partially suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin
* Inhibits nutrient digestion and absorption which prolongs absorption of nutrients
59
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
* What does it react to?
* What does it involve?
* List the 3 stages
* Consistent way the body reacts to **stress**
* Typically involves **elevated levels of epinephrine and glucocorticoids** (especially cortisol)
* Occurs in three stages
1. Alarm reaction
2. Stage of resistance
3. Stage of exhaustion
60
Alarm reaction
* Describe
* What is it mediated by
* What levels does it increase?
* Initial response
* Mediated by **norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system** and **epinephrine from the adrenal medulla**
* Prepares body to fight or flight
* Stored glycogen is consumed
* Increases **aldosterone** and **angiotensin** levels
* Angiotensin helps raise blood pressure
* Aldosterone promotes sodium and water conservation
61
Stage of resistance
* What does it do?
* What is this stage dominated by?
* Provides _alternate fuels for metabolism_
* Stage dominated by _cortisol_
62
Cortisol
* What stage applies to cortisol
* Describe its effect
* Adverse effects of excessive cortisol
* Stage of resistance
* Has _glucose-sparing effect_ which _inhibits protein synthesis_ leaving free amino acids for _gluconeogenesis_
* Adverse effects of excessive cortisol
* depresses immune function
* increases susceptibility to infection and ulcers
* lymphoid tissues atrophy, antibody levels drop, and wounds heal poorly
63
ACTH
* What stage is it associated with
* What is it secreted by
* What does it do
* _Stage of resistance_
* Pituitary secretes an increase in **ACTH**
* Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete **cortisol** and other **glucocorticoids**
* Promotes the breakdown of fat and protein into glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids, for **gluconeogenesis**
64
Stage of exhaustion
* Describe
* When stress continues for several months, and fat reserves are gone, homeostasis is overwhelmed
* protein breakdown & muscle wasting
* loss of _glucose_ homeostasis because _adrenal cortex stops producing glucocorticoids_
* _aldosterone_ promotes water retention and hypertension
* death results from _heart & kidney infection_ or overwhelming _infection_
65
Comparison of the Nervous & Endocrine Systems: _internal communication_
* **Nervous**: both electrical and chemical
* **Endocrine**: only chemical
66
Comparison of the Nervous & Endocrine Systems: _speed and persistence of response_
* **Nervous**: reacts quickly (1 to 10 ms), stops quickly
* **Endocrine**: reacts slowly (hormones release in seconds or days), effect may continue for weeks
67
Comparison of the Nervous & Endocrine Systems: _adaptation to long-term stimuli_
* **Nervous**: response declines (adapts quickly)
* **Endocrine**: response persists (adapts slowly)
68
Comparison of the Nervous & Endocrine Systems: _area of effect_
* **Nervous**: targeted and specific (one organ)
* **Endocrine**: general, widespread effects (many organs)
69
Chemicals that function as both hormones & neurotransmitters in nervous and endocrine systems (list)
* Antidiuretic hormone
* Cholecystokinin
* Dopamine
* Norepinephrine
* Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
70
What are target organs or cells
* Organs or cells that have receptors for a hormone and can respond to it
71
How does the female body try to prevent polyspermy?
* List and describe
* **Fast block**
* binding of sperm to the egg opens Na+ channels in the egg membrane
* inflow of Na+ depolarizes the membrane and inhibits the attachment of any more sperm
* **Slow block**
* involves secretory granules and cortical granules, just below membrane
* sperm penetration releases an inflow of Ca2+
* secretion swells with water, pushing remaining sperm away
* creates an impenetrable fertilization membrane between the egg and the zona pellucida
72
Where are the 2 umbilical arteries found in the umbilical cord formed from?
Internal iliac arteries
73
T/F
Exocrine glands have no ducts, and contains dense fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream.
False
74
T/F
Target organs or cells are those organs or cells that have receptors for a hormone but is unable to respond to it.
False
75
T/F
Both the nervous system and the endocrine system serve for external communication.
False
76
Compare and contrast the nervous system and endocrine system in regards to communication about body stimuli
* Both serve for internal communication
* **Nervous system**
* affects both electrical and chemical communication
* reacts quickly and stops quickly
* adapts quickly
* affects a targeted/specific organ
* **Endocrine system**
* serves only chemical communication
* reacts slowly, and its effects may continue for weeks
* adapts slowly
* affects general, widespread organs (more than 1)
77
All of the following chemicals function as both hormones and neurotransmitters except
1. Dopamine
2. Oxytocin
3. Norepinephine
4. Cholecystokinin
5. All of the above
b. Oxytocin
78
Chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away are know as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
VERIFY (HW 10)
Hormones
79
General adaptation syndrome (GAS) is a consistent way the body reacts to stress; typically involves elevated levels of epinephrine and glucocorticoids (especially cortisol). Which of the following is not a stage of GAS?
1. Alarm reaction
2. Stage of adaptation
3. Stage of resistance
4. Stage of exhaustion
Stage of adaptation
80
Somatostatin is secreted by
* Alpha cells
* Beta cells
* Delta cells
* No answer text provided
Delta cells
81
What does the hypothalamus secrete?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
82
T/F
Exocrine glands have no ducts, and contains dense fenestrated capillary networks, which allows easy uptake of hormones into the bloodstream
False
83
T/F
Exocrine glands have ducts, and carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract.
True
84
T/F
The pituitary gland is composed of two parts anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis).
True
85
Hormones are
1. Pores in the cell membrane that allows signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell.
2. Released from neurons to travel across synaptic clefts to a second cell
3. Secreted into tissue fluid to affect nearby cells
4. Chemical messages that travels in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs
4. Chemical messages that travels in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs
86
Neurotransmitters are
1. Pores in the cell membrane that allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell
2. Released from neurons to travel across synaptic clefts to a second cell
3. Secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells
4. Chemical messages that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs
2. Released from neurons to travel across synaptic clefts to a second cell
87
Which system is responsible for external communication, nervous or endocrine?
Nervous system
*This system is responsible for internal and external communications. The endocrine is limited to internal communications.*
88
What 2 structures with independent origins and separate functions compose the pituitary gland?
* **Adenohypophysis** (anterior pituitary)
* Arises from hypophyseal pouch (outgrowth of pharynx)
* **Neurohypophysis** (posterior pituitary)
* Downgrowth from brain
89
What 3 systems does the thymus play a role in?
* Endocrine
* Immune
* Lymphatic
90
What is the largest endocrine gland?
Thyroid gland
91
What is the thyroid gland composed of?
* 2 lobes; and
* Isthmus below the larynx
92
Thyroid follicles
* What are they
* What do they contain
* Sacs that compose most of thyroid
* Contain protein-rich **colloid**
93
Follicular cells
Simple cuboidal epithelium that line thyroid follicles
94
Parathyroid glands
* 4 glands partially **embedded** in posterior surface of thyroid gland
95
The ___ is an endocrine gland and has several endocrine functions
1. Pancreas
2. Parathyroid gland
3. Thyroid gland
4. All the above
4. All the above
96
T/F
The endocrine system is involved in the adaptation of stress
True
97
Hyposecretion disorder
* What is it
* Inadequate hormone release
* Tumor or lesion destroys gland or interferes with its ability to receive signals from another gland
* Head trauma affects pituitary gland’s ability to secrete ADH
* **Diabetes insipidus:** chronic polyuria
* Autoantibodies fail to distinguish person’s own gland from foreign matter
98
Acromegaly disorder
Thickening of bones and soft tissues in adults, especially in hands, feet, and face
99
Heterozygous & homozygous gene distribution
* **Heteorzygous**: one dominant and one recessive gene (ie Bb)
* **Homozygous**: either two dominant or two recessive genes (ie BB or bb)
100
Recessive vs dominant genes
* Recessive are the “weaker” genes, and need two (homozygous) genes in order to be visible
* Dominant genes are the “stronger” genes
101
What is used to visualize gene distribution options
Punnett square
