Lab practical -urinary

Question 1

kidney function

Answer 1

excretion of nitrogenous wastes, toxins, and drugs from the blood

• return of essential ions and fluid to the blood
• kidneys also function in regulation of blood pressure, stimulation of Red Blood Cell production and Vit. D metabolism

Question 2

kidney

Answer 2

functional organs of the excretory system

- other organs function only in transport and storage

Question 3

location of kidney

Answer 3

• retroperitoneal against posterior abdominal wall from the level of the 12th thoracic to 3rd lumbar vertebrae
• the right is slightly lower than the left due to the liver

Question 4

gross anatomy

Answer 4

• bean shaped , convex lateral and concave medial surface
  -each about 6” long 2” wide 1” thick
• weigh about 5 oz 150g
  -concave medial surface contains a hilus thru which the RENAL ARTERY and nerves enter and the RENAL VEINS, URETER, and lymphatics exit.
  the adrenal glands are on top pf kidneys
  -the connective tissue coverings of the kidneys are, from innermost

Question 5

renal capsule

Answer 5

shiny, glistening, also lines renal sinus

-protects against pathogen entry

Question 6

adipose capsule

Answer 6

• fatty layer, insulates, protects against physical trauma

Question 7

renal fascia

Answer 7

• dense fibrous connective tissue surrounds both the kidney and adrenal glands
• it anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures

Question 8

internal anatomy of kidney

Answer 8

• 3 regions: outside -in
  1) cortex
  2) medulla
  3) renal pelvis

Question 9

cortex

Answer 9

• is light granular
• it is the glomerular area
• BOWMNAN’S CAPSULES as well the PROXIMAL and DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES are located here
• most of the LOOP OF HENLE of cortical nephrons is also located in this region

Question 10

medulla

Answer 10

• deep to the cortex

- it has striped appearance

Question 11

pyramids

Answer 11

• darker triangular areas

Question 12

columns

Answer 12

• white light striped between the pyramids

Question 13

papilla

Answer 13

points of the pyramids

Question 14

renal pelvis

Answer 14

each papilla points inward

Question 15

ureter

Answer 15

• renal pelvis is a large fan-shaped cavity continous
• the pelvis is subdivides into 2 or 3 MAJOR CALYCES
• each major calyx is divided into several MINOR CALYCES
• the minor calyx encloses the papilla of one pyramid
• collecting ducts from the pyramid drain into the minor calyx
• the fluid that enters a minor calyx, is urine

Question 16

Blood supply

Answer 16

• the kidneys receive 1200 ml of blood per min
• each kidney is served by a renal artery, which branches directly from the aorta
• the kidneys are innervated by the renal plexus

Question 17

nephrons

Answer 17

• over one million nephrons per kidney
• the nephrons are the functional unit of the kidneys
• each nephron consists of a set of urinary tubules and the capillary beds associated with it

Question 18

the capillaries are the….

Answer 18

glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries

Question 19

the urinary tubules consist of…

Answer 19

BOWMAN’S CAPSULE- PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE- LOOP OF HENLE- DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE-COLLECTING DUCTS are tubules that receive the output of many nephrons, carrying that fluid down toward the renal pelvis. (minor calyx)

Question 20

2 capillary beds of a nephron

Answer 20

-glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries

Question 21

glomerulus

Answer 21

• is a ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule
• it receives blood from the afferent arteriole and is drained by an efferent arteriole
• the glomeruli are the only capillary beds of the body that can receive blood from and are drained by arterioles

Question 22

afferent arteriole

Answer 22

• has greater diameter than the efferent, so flow slows and pressure rises as blood goes through the glomerulus
• the pressure within the glomerulus results in an extremely high level of fluid filtration
• ~180L of filtrate are formed in the kidneys each day, while only 3-4L are formed in all the rest of the body combined, however, of the 180L formed, about 178L are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries and thus returned to the blood stream
• the remaining 2 are excreted in urine
• the peritubular capillaries receive blood from the efferent arteriole and are drained by the interlobular veins

Question 23

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Answer 23

• point where cells of the ASCENDING LIMB OF THE LOOP OF HENLE touch cells of the AFFERENT ARTERIOLE/
• each nephron has 1
• the loop of Henle cells here are tall and close together
• they are called MACULA DENSA cells
• they are responsive to chemical and osmotic stimuli
• the cells of the afferent arteriole are called JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
• they are large, smooth muscle cells with RENIN containing granules- they respond to mechanical stimuli

Question 24

Ureters

Answer 24

transports urine to bladder

Question 25

Bladder

Answer 25

stores urine

Question 26

Urethra

Answer 26

transports urine to exterior , longer in males