lab practicum 2

Question 1

Lab 12 phylum Annelida: what two characteristics are the traditional synapomorphies of Annelida?

Answer 1

segmentation and setae

Question 2

Lab 12 phylum Annelida: what is segmentation and does segmentation lead to in terms of the organism’s body?

Answer 2

• segmentation: a kind of body design that result from radical change in normal development of an animal
• a unique evolutionary feature

Question 3

Lab 12 phylum Annelida: what are setae?

Answer 3

bundles of filaments made of chitin and protein, usually extends from foot like features

Question 4

Lab 12 phylum Annelida: what is the autapomorphies for Class Polychaeta and the synapomorphies for the other classes?

Answer 4

• class polychaeta: autapomorphy is parapodia ( foot like structures )
• class Oligochaeta and Hirudinea: clitellum and loss of larvae stage

Question 5

Lab 12 phylum Annelida: ( class Oligochaeta ) what are the clitellum, prostomium, and nephridium used for?

Answer 5

• clitellum: produces cocoon for enclosing eggs
  -prostomium: a wedge near the head that allows earthworms to burrow
• nephridium: allow for excretion of fluids

Question 6

Lab 12 phylum Annelida: are these organisms self-fertilizing?

Answer 6

no these organisms are not self-fertilizing

Question 7

Lab 12 phylum Annelida: how many layers of muscle can you see?

Answer 7

there are 2 layers of muscle

Question 8

Lab 12 phylum Annelida: What is hirudin and how do leeches use it?

Answer 8

• hirudin is an enzyme that acts like an anti-coagulant, essentially making prey’s blood thin and prevent formation of clots

Question 9

Lab 12 phylum Annelida: what are the three classes seen in phylum Annelida?

Answer 9

• class Oligochaeta
  -class polychaeta
• class Hirudinea

Question 10

Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: what is their outer covering called?

Answer 10

the outer covering is called the exoskeleton

Question 11

Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: what are the four synapomorphies of all arthropods?

Answer 11

-exoskeleton
-joint limbs
- tagmata
- compound eye

Question 12

Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: what are the four subphyla in Phylum Arthropoda? what are examples of each?

Answer 12

• subphylum trilobita: trilobite ( extinct since 250 million yr ago)
• subphylum Chelicerata: scorpions and spiders
• subphylum crustacea: crabs
• subphylum uniramia: beetles and centipede

Question 13

Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: What are the autapomorphies of each Subphylum?

Answer 13

• subphylum trilobita: unique three lobed dorsal surface and now extinct
• subphylum Chelicerata: have chelicera and no mandible ( fang like apparatus )
• subphylum crustacea: distinct larval stage called nauplius
• subphylum uniramia: uniramous ( unbranched legs)

Question 14

Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: identify the different subphyla – what characteristics do each have?

Answer 14

• subphylum trilobita: extinct, were very large up to 2 ft long
• subphylum Chelicerata: no mandible but have chelicera ( fang like apparatus)
• subphylum crustacea: 2 pairs of antennae and have mandibles
• subphylum uniramia: unbranched appendages

Question 15

Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: (Subphylum Trilobita ) how long ago were trilobite species living?

Answer 15

250 million years ago

Question 16

Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: (Subphylum Crustacea ) what class does the crayfish belong to?

Answer 16

class Pycnogonida

Question 17

Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: (Subphylum Uniramia) what is the difference between Class Diplopoda & Class Chilopoda?

Answer 17

• Class Diplopoda: have 2 or more pairs of legs
• Class Chilopoda: single pair of legs

Question 18

Lab 3 Embryology: what is embryology?

Answer 18

embryology is the study of early development in phases of plants and animals

Question 19

Lab 3 Embryology: what is the difference between an embryo and a fetus?

Answer 19

• embryo: any stage after the egg becomes fertilized but before the developing organism takes it’s adult form
• fetus: any stage past the embryo stage but before birth or hatching

Question 20

Lab 3 Embryology: what is the name of the cell that produces an egg?

Answer 20

the name of the cells that produces an egg is called an oocyte

Question 21

Lab 3 Embryology: which endocrine gland produces a hormone that stimulates an egg to mature?

Answer 21

• the endocrine gland that produces the hormone to stimulate egg maturity is the pituitary gland
• the hormone that stimulates egg maturity is follicle stimulating hormone

Question 22

Lab 3 Embryology: where does the corpus luteum form and what hormones does it produce?

Answer 22

• the corpus luteum is formed in the ovary
• the hormones it produces is estrogen and progesterone

Question 23

Lab 3 Embryology: is a follicle the same thing as an oocyte?

Answer 23

no, an oocyte is a premature egg cell and a follicle is a more mature egg that’s bigger and has a spherical mass of cells

Question 24

Lab 3 Embryology: where are sperm produced?

Answer 24

sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules inside the testes

Question 25

Lab 3 Embryology: where is sperm stored?

Answer 25

sperm is stored in the epididymis

Question 26

Lab 3 Embryology: sperm produces an enzyme. What function does that enzyme have? Where in the sperm is that enzyme located?

Answer 26

- the enzyme separates the follicle layer from the egg - in the acrosome, the head of the sperm

Question 27

Lab 3 Embryology: if only one sperm is necessary to fertilize the egg, then what function is served by all of the other sperm?

Answer 27

to separate the follicle layer from the egg and increase chances of feralization

Question 28

Lab 3 Embryology: List the three methods for feeding early embryos by different organisms.

Answer 28

1. invertebrates feed fast, pass nutrients through cytoplasm and soon after offspring feed themselves 2. some animals such as fish and birds get nutrients from the egg yolk 3. humans pass nutrients through the placenta

Question 29

Lab 3 Embryology: why do more complex animals require more specialized embryonic feeding mechanisms?

Answer 29

more complex animals require more development

Question 30

Lab 3 Embryology: what are the differences seen in a 21 hour chick embryo in comparison to the 28 hour embryo?

Answer 30

- the 21 hour chick embryo looks like a cell with a wiggly line going through it vertically - the 28 hour chick embryo has more details to it, more developed spine and development of the beak is seen

Question 31

Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: what are the echinoderm autapomorphies?

Answer 31

1. symmetry of larval stage 2. internal calcium skeleton 3. water vascular systems 4. non- moveable feet

Question 32

Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: What are characteristics and common names of each of the classes of Phylum Echinodermata?

Answer 32

- class Crinoidea, class Ophiuroidea, class Asteroidea, class enchinoidea, and class Holothuroidea

Question 32

Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: what is the function of the water-vascular system? ( Class Asteroidea )

Answer 32

- series of tubes and canals that have functions for locomotion and respiration

Question 33

Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: how to tube feet work? ( Class Asteroidea )

Answer 33

- how sea stars do locomotion

Question 34

Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: what is the madreporite? ( Class Asteroidea )

Answer 34

-the " mole " of the sea star

Question 35

Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: what is the ambulacral groove ? ( Class Asteroidea )

Answer 35

- the grooves along the inside legs of the sea star

Question 36

Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: how do you tell the difference between this class and class Asteroidea? ( Class Ophiuroidea )

Answer 36

- class Asteroidea looks more thick and solid while Ophiuroidea is more skinnier and looks less solid

Question 37

Lab 15 skeletons: Name the different types of skeletons and give examples of each.

Answer 37

-hydrostatic skeleton: water surrounding muscles in order to move ( earthworm) -exoskeleton: a skeleton occurring on the outside of an animal ( lobster) - endoskeleton: when the skeleton is internal with at least one layer of tissue covering skeleton ( squid) - cartilaginous skeleton: a skeleton made of mostly of cartilage, maybe with some mall bones ( sharks ) - bony skeleton: an endoskeleton mostly made of bone ( fish and frogs)

Question 38

Lab 15 skeletons: what makes for a “true skeleton”?

Answer 38

- true skeleton: one that is made of pieces that can be individually moved by attached muscles

Question 39

Lab 15 skeletons: what are the three examples of “true skeletons”?

Answer 39

1. the exoskeleton of arthropods 2. the cartilage endoskeleton 3. bony skeleton

Question 40

Lab 15 skeleton: how does the turtle skull differ from the alligator and crocodile skulls?

Answer 40

- the alligator and crocodile skulls are more flat and longer by the mouth, the turtle skull has bigger orbital gaps