1
Q
Lab 16 Protochordata and Agnatha (jawless fish): What are the characteristics of chordates?
A
- Notochord –Flexible internal rod for support
- Dorsal Hallow Nerve Cord –above notochord
- Pharyngeal Gill Slits –posterior to mouth
- filter feeding
- modified respiration - Post anal tail - locomotion
- endostyle or thyroid gland
2
Q
Lab 16 Protochordata and Agnatha (jawless fish): what are the autapomorphies of Subphylum Urochordata?
A
- urochordate body design
- larval stage
3
Q
Lab 16 Protochordata and Agnatha (jawless fish): what is the autapomorphy for Subphylum Cephalochordata?
A
- unique wheel like organ for unique filtering
4
Q
Lab 16 Protochordata and Agnatha (jawless fish): What are the defining features of Subphylum Vertebrata?
A
- vertebrae
- developed brain
- neural crest cells
5
Q
Subphylum Urochordata: what organism is used to represent this Subphylum?
A
- tunicate
6
Q
Subphylum Urochordata: how does this organism feed?
A
- adult urochordates have a soft like back body with two siphon openings where water goes in, food is filtered inside the body
7
Q
Subphylum Cephalochordata: what organisms represents this Subphylum?
A
- amphioxus & lancelets
8
Q
Subphylum Vertebrata: what organism represents this Subphylum?
A
- lamprey
9
Q
Lab 17 Class Chondrichthyes: what is the function of the spiracles?
A
- vestigial first gill slit behind eye
- oxygenate blood directly to eye and
brain through separate blood vessels - not all sharks
10
Q
Lab 17 Class Chondrichthyes: how many gill slits are there?
A
- five
11
Q
Lab 17 Class Chondrichthyes: was your shark a male or female? How do you know?
A
- male shark
- only male sharks have claspers, fins that are on the ventral/ anterior side just before the end of the tail
12
Q
Lab 17 Class Chondrichthyes: what subphylum, superclass and class are sharks, rays, and chimaeras?
A
- subphylum: vertebrata
-superclass: gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) - class chondrichthyes
13
Q
Lab 17 Class Chondrichthyes: list some characteristics about class Chondrichthyes?
A
- 1200 living species, most marine
- sharks and rays
- cartilaginous skeleton
- jaws
- well developed sense organs
- Lateral line system ( line slightly above the middle of the shark)
- Vibration
14
Q
Lab 17 Class Chondrichthyes: what is the ampullae of Lorenzini?
A
- changes in water temperature
- electric fields
15
Q
Lab 17 Class Chondrichthyes: what are spiracles and the function?
A
- vestigial first gill slit behind eye
- function: oxygenate blood directly to eye and brain through separate blood vessels
- note: not all sharks
16
Q
Lab 17 Class Chondrichthyes: for rays, where are the spiracles and gills?
A
- gills on ventral side
- spiracles on dorsal side
- function: actively pumps water over gills
- respiratory water enters so it doesn’t
get clogged on underside.
- respiratory water enters so it doesn’t
17
Q
Lab 18 Class Osteichthyes: what subphylum and super class is class Osteichthyes?
A
- subphylum Vertebrata
- superclass Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates)
18
Q
Lab 18 Class Osteichthyes: what species fall into this class and 2 characteristics?
A
- lungfishes
- coelacanthanths
- ray finned fishes
- 2 characteristics
1. jaws
2. lungs
19
Q
Lab 18 Class Osteichthyes: general characteristics/information about class Osteichthyes?
A
- largest class of vertebrates
- 28,000 species
- bony skeleton (bony fish)
- scales
- swim bladders
- jaws
- lungs
- operculum and gills
20
Q
Lab 19 Class Amphibia: what classifications are amphibians and frogs?
A
-phylum Chordata
- subphylum Vertebrata
- class Amphibia
- are also called tetrapods due to the limb pattern
21
Q
Lab 19 Class Amphibia: what are characteristics of class amphibia?
A
- “amphi” –both
- life on land, life in water
- water required for reproduction
- 4 limbs: the pelvic and pectoral fins are now limbs (tetrapod)
- 2-3 chambered heart
- 3 living orders –7935 species
- eggs lack shells, laid in moist environment or water
- external and internal fertilization
- mucous glands
- scales absent with one exception
- metamorphosis
22
Q
Lab 19 Class Amphibia: what are the three orders for class amphibia?
A
- Caecilians (Order Gymnophiona)
- Salamanders (Order Urodela)
- Frogs and Toads (Order Anura)
23
Q
Lab 19 Class Amphibia: what are the characteristics for order Gymnophiona?
A
- without legs
- long
- underground burrowers
- some have dermal scales
- internal fertilization
24
Q
Lab 19 Class Amphibia: what are the characteristics for order Urodela?
A
- “bearing a tail”
- 4 limbs, usually of equal size
- no scales
- little difference between males and females
- mix of aquatic with lungs and terrestrial without lungs
- paedomorphosis (neoteny) –retention of juvenile characteristics
- external gills, shape of hands and feet
25
Lab 19 Class Amphibia: what are the characteristics of order Anura?
- absence of tail in adulthood
- metamorphosis from tadpole to adult
- specialized jumpers
- deposits of keratin in epidermis
- chromatophores in the dermis
- no scales
- lung and cutaneous respiration
26
Lab 20 Class Reptilia: what organisms are in class reptilia?
- turtles
- snakes
- crocodiles
- birds
27
Lab 20 Class Reptilia: what are the orders of class reptilia?
- Rhynchocephalia/Sphenodonia (Tuatara)
- Testudines or Chelonia (Turtles)
-Squamata (Lizards and Snakes)
-Crocodilia (Crocodiles and Alligators)
27
Lab 20 Class Reptilia: what are the the characteristics of order Rhynchocephalia/Sphenodonia (Tuatara)?
- family Sphenodonia
- “living fossils”* Closest relatives are an extinct group that were living during the time of dinosaurs
- along with squamates, lose their tail (caudal autotomy)
- lizard like
-1-2 living species in New Zealand
- two temporal openings
- no external ears (difference from lizards)
- cooler climate, nocturnal
- third eye (with retina and lens)
28
Lab 20 Class Reptilia: what are the characteristics of order Testudines or Chelonia (Turtles)?
- shell with plastron and carapace
- horny epidermal scales (scutes)
- vertebral column fused to carapace (except head and neck)
- oviparous
29
Lab 20 Class Reptilia: what are the characteristics of order Squamata (Lizards and Snakes)?
- scaled skin with ecdysis
- moveable quadrate bone
- snakes –loss of limbs
-most closely related to Tuatara
30
Lab 20 Class Reptilia: what are the characteristics of Crocodilia (Crocodiles and Alligators)?
- large, predatory, semi-aquatic
- distinct head, trunk, long tail
- internal fertilization
- closest living relatives to birds
31
Lab 20 Class Reptilia: what is different about crocodilian hearts?
- most reptiles have a 3 chambered heart with a septum crocodilians have a heart more similar to mammals and birds
32
Lab 20 Class Reptilia: are birds related to reptiles through phylogeny?
- yes
- Archosaurs were the ancestors of dinosaurs and crocodiles, but distantly related to modern snakes, lizards, and turtles
33
Lab 20 Class Reptilia: history of birds
-65 million years ago there was a massive extinction event, and all dinosaurs were killed except for a single group of feathered dinosaurs. These evolved over the next 65 million years into modern birds. They are most closely related to crocodiles, which also came from
archosaurs. (according to the phylogenetic system, birds, reptiles, and mammals all share a reptile-like ancestor).
34
Lab 21 Class Aves: what organism is in class aves?
- birds
35
Lab 21 Class Aves: what are characteristics of class aves?
- feathers
- scales on legs
- beak, toothless
- covered in keratin
- hard shelled eggs
- forelimbs modified for flight
- some lost their ability for flight
36
Lab 21 Class Aves: how many orders, families, genera and species are there for class aves?
-30 orders
- 180 families
- 2,000 genera
- 10,000 species
37
Lab 21 Class Aves: what are feathers mainly made of and its functions?
- mainly keratin
- functions
1. protection
2. heat retention
3. camouflage
4. sexual dimorphism
38
Lab 21 Class Aves: what are the characteristics of scales ?
- not homologous to reptile scales
- re-evolved after the evolution of feathers
39
Lab 21 Class Aves: what are the different types of scales and where are they located on the feet?
- scutes: anterior surface
- scutella: caudal or hind part
40
Lab 21 Class Aves: what are the characteristics of feet?
- adapted for function
- typically 4 toes
- difference classifications based on position
- exceptions
41
Lab 21 Class Aves: what are the different types of feet and what type of bird have those feet?
1. heron: flat and long feet ( walking on mud)
2. eagle: grasping a hold of prey
3. duck: paddling along water
4. pigeon: 4 with 3 similar and one thumb like digit
5. woodpecker: 2 on each side like a rectangle
6. sparrow: 3 similar and one thumb like digit, long and with a curve, claw machine like
42
Lab 22 Class Mammalia: what are the characteristics of mammals?
- hair
- production of milk by mammary glands(modified sweat glands)
- the 3 middle ear bones (malleus, incus, and stapes)
- diaphragm
- neocortex of brain
- lower jaw –single bone
43
Lab 22 Class Mammalia: how many class and orders are there in class Mammalia? what are the size ranges
- 26 orders
- 5000 species
- exact numbers of orders and families changing
- VAST diversity
- size: 3grams to 160,000kg
- many adaptations for many lifestyles
44
Lab 22 Class Mammalia: how many families and living species are there?
- 13 Families, 233 living species
- separate and well developed radius and ulna,
tibia and fibula
- pentadactyl feet
- presence of clavicle
44
Lab 22 Class Mammalia: how many families and living species are there?
- 13 Families, 233 living species
- separate and well developed radius and ulna,
tibia and fibula
- pentadactyl feet
- presence of clavicle
45
Lab 22 Class Mammalia: what are the orders of class mammalia?
- Order Rodentia
- Order Carnivora
46
Lab 22 Class Mammalia: is order rodentia the largest order? what's the family and size amount? how are their teeth?
- largest Order: 300 families, 2000 species
- dentition highly specialized for gnawing
- no more than 1 incisor in each quadrant, no canines
Biology 210-05
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