1
Q
Define Spongy Bone.
A
Location: Inside bones; Structure: Lattice-like; Function: Lightens bone weight and houses marrow
Spongy bone is crucial for bone strength and flexibility.
2
Q
Define Compact Bone.
A
Location: Outer layer of bones; Structure: Dense and solid; Function: Provides strength and support
Compact bone is essential for protecting internal structures.
3
Q
What are the cells involved in bone tissue?
A
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts
- Osteocytes
These cells play key roles in bone formation, resorption, and maintenance.
4
Q
What is the periosteum composed of?
A
- Fibrous layer
- Osteogenic layer
The periosteum is vital for bone growth and repair.
5
Q
What bones make up the pelvis?
A
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
The pelvis supports the weight of the upper body and protects pelvic organs.
6
Q
What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?
A
- Thoracic and sacral (primary)
- Cervical and lumbar (secondary)
- Pathological (lordosis, scoliosis, kyphosis)
These curvatures are important for balance and weight distribution.
7
Q
What is the function of articular cartilage?
A
Cushions joints and reduces friction
Articular cartilage is crucial for joint health and mobility.
8
Q
What are the sutures of the skull?
A
- Coronal
- Sagittal
- Lambdoid
- Squamous
Sutures are fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull.
9
Q
What is the function of the endosteum?
A
Lines the medullary cavity and contains bone-forming cells
The endosteum is important for bone growth and repair.
10
Q
What is the medullary cavity?
A
Hollow space within the diaphysis of long bones
It contains yellow or red bone marrow.
11
Q
Define appendicular skeleton.
A
The part of the skeleton that includes the limbs and pelvic and pectoral girdles.
12
Q
True or false: The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones.
A
TRUE
This includes bones of the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.
13
Q
What bones are included in the pectoral girdle?
A
The clavicle and scapula are the bones of the pectoral girdle.
14
Q
Fill in the blank: The humerus is the bone of the _______.
A
upper arm
15
Q
What is the function of the scapula?
A
It connects the humerus with the clavicle and provides shoulder stability.
16
Q
Define clavicle.
A
The collarbone that connects the arm to the body at the sternum.
17
Q
True or false: The ulna is located on the same side as the thumb.
A
FALSE
The ulna is on the opposite side of the thumb, next to the little finger.
18
Q
What is the radius?
A
The bone in the forearm located on the same side as the thumb.
19
Q
Fill in the blank: The femur is the bone of the _______.
A
thigh
20
Q
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
A
The pelvic girdle consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
21
Q
Define patella.
A
The kneecap, which protects the knee joint and aids in leg movement.
22
Q
True or false: The tibia is the larger bone in the lower leg.
A
TRUE
The tibia is also known as the shinbone.
23
Q
What is the function of the fibula?
A
It provides stability to the ankle and supports the muscles of the lower leg.
24
Q
Fill in the blank: The carpals are the bones of the _______.
A
wrist
25
What are the **metacarpals**?
The five bones that form the middle part of the hand.
26
Define **phalanges**.
The bones of the fingers and toes, each digit has three phalanges except the thumb and big toe.
27
True or false: The **tarsals** are located in the hand.
FALSE
## Footnote
The tarsals are the bones of the ankle and foot.
28
What are the **metatarsals**?
The five long bones in the foot that connect the tarsals to the phalanges.
29
Fill in the blank: The **ilium** is part of the _______.
pelvic girdle
30
What is the **ischium**?
The lower, back part of the hip bone, supporting weight while sitting.
31
Define **pubis**.
The front portion of the pelvic girdle, contributing to the hip joint.
32
True or false: The **shoulder joint** is a ball-and-socket joint.
TRUE
## Footnote
This allows for a wide range of motion in the arm.
33
What is the **hip joint**?
A ball-and-socket joint formed by the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis.
34
Fill in the blank: The **ankle joint** connects the _______ to the foot.
tibia and fibula
35
What is the role of the **glenoid cavity**?
It is the socket in the scapula that receives the head of the humerus.
36
Define **acetabulum**.
The socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur.
37
True or false: The **sacrum** is part of the appendicular skeleton.
FALSE
## Footnote
The sacrum is part of the axial skeleton.
38
What is the **function** of the appendicular skeleton?
It facilitates movement and supports the weight of the body.
39
Fill in the blank: The **shoulder blade** is also known as the _______.
scapula
40
What connects the **humerus** to the **scapula**?
The shoulder joint connects the humerus to the scapula.
41
Define **ankle**.
The joint connecting the foot with the leg, allowing for movement.
42
True or false: The **tibia** is smaller than the fibula.
FALSE
## Footnote
The tibia is the larger and stronger bone in the lower leg.
43
What is the **function** of the pelvic girdle?
It supports the weight of the upper body and protects pelvic organs.
44
Fill in the blank: The **thumb** has _______ phalanges.
two
45
What is the **function** of the metatarsals?
They provide structure and support to the foot while walking.
46
Define **ligaments**.
Tissues that connect bones to other bones at joints.
47
True or false: The **appendicular skeleton** includes the skull.
FALSE
## Footnote
The skull is part of the axial skeleton.
48
What is the **function** of the phalanges?
They allow for fine motor skills and grip in the fingers and toes.
49
Fill in the blank: The **radius** is located on the _______ side of the forearm.
thumb
50
What is the **function** of the carpals?
They allow for flexibility and movement in the wrist.
51
Define **femur**.
The **femur** is the longest bone in the human body, located in the thigh.
52
What is the **patella**?
The **patella**, or kneecap, is a small bone that protects the knee joint.
53
True or false: The **tibia** is the larger bone in the lower leg.
TRUE
## Footnote
The tibia supports most of the weight in the lower leg.
54
Fill in the blank: The **fibula** is located _______ to the tibia.
Lateral
55
What are the **tarsal bones**?
The **tarsal bones** are a group of seven bones in the ankle.
56
Define **metatarsals**.
The **metatarsals** are five long bones in the foot that connect the tarsals to the toes.
57
What is the function of the **calcaneus**?
The **calcaneus**, or heel bone, supports body weight and provides leverage for walking.
58
True or false: The **navicular** bone is part of the wrist.
FALSE
## Footnote
The navicular is a tarsal bone in the foot.
59
Fill in the blank: The **phalanges** are the bones of the _______.
Fingers and toes
60
What is the **iliac crest**?
The **iliac crest** is the upper edge of the ilium, part of the pelvis.
61
Define **pubis**.
The **pubis** is the front portion of the pelvic bone.
62
What connects the **femur** to the pelvis?
The **acetabulum** of the pelvis connects to the femur.
63
True or false: The **sacrum** is part of the lower limb skeleton.
FALSE
## Footnote
The sacrum is part of the vertebral column.
64
Fill in the blank: The **hip joint** is a _______ joint.
Ball-and-socket
65
What is the role of the **ligaments** in the lower limb?
They connect bones to other bones, providing stability to joints.
66
Define **ankle joint**.
The **ankle joint** connects the leg to the foot, allowing movement.
67
What are the **sesamoid bones**?
Small bones embedded within tendons, such as the patella.
68
True or false: The **femur** articulates with the tibia at the knee.
TRUE
## Footnote
This joint is crucial for leg movement.
69
Fill in the blank: The **medial malleolus** is located on the _______ side of the ankle.
Inner
70
What is the **lateral malleolus**?
The bony prominence on the outer side of the ankle, part of the fibula.
71
Define **acetabulum**.
The **acetabulum** is the socket of the hip joint that receives the femur.
72
What is the **greater sciatic notch**?
A notch in the ilium that allows nerves and blood vessels to pass.
73
True or false: The **ilium** is the largest part of the pelvis.
TRUE
## Footnote
It forms the upper part of the hip bone.
74
Fill in the blank: The **tibial tuberosity** is where the _______ attaches.
Patellar ligament
75
What is the **femoral head**?
The rounded top of the femur that fits into the acetabulum.
76
Define **trochanters**.
Bony projections on the femur for muscle attachment.
77
What is the **intertrochanteric line**?
A ridge on the femur between the greater and lesser trochanters.
78
True or false: The **pubic symphysis** is a joint between the two pubic bones.
TRUE
## Footnote
It allows slight movement during childbirth.
79
Fill in the blank: The **plantar fascia** supports the _______ of the foot.
Arch
80
What is the **talus**?
A tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula.
81
Define **metatarsophalangeal joint**.
The joint between the metatarsals and the proximal phalanges.
82
What is the **subtalar joint**?
The joint between the talus and calcaneus, allowing foot inversion and eversion.
83
True or false: The **femur** has a head and neck.
TRUE
## Footnote
These structures are important for joint articulation.
84
Fill in the blank: The **medial condyle** of the femur articulates with the _______.
Tibia
85
What is the **lateral condyle**?
The outer part of the femur that articulates with the tibia.
86
Define **ankle ligaments**.
Connective tissues that stabilize the ankle joint.
87
What is the **foot arch**?
The curved structure of the foot that absorbs shock and supports weight.
88
Define **axial skeleton**.
The part of the skeleton that consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
89
How many **vertebrae** are in the human spine?
There are 33 vertebrae in the human spine.
90
True or false: The **skull** protects the brain.
TRUE
## Footnote
The skull consists of cranial and facial bones.
91
Fill in the blank: The **rib cage** consists of ______ pairs of ribs.
12 pairs of ribs.
92
What is the function of the **vertebral column**?
It supports the head, protects the spinal cord, and allows for flexibility.
93
Define **cervical vertebrae**.
The first seven vertebrae in the neck region.
94
What is the **thoracic vertebrae** count?
There are 12 thoracic vertebrae.
95
True or false: The **sacrum** is made up of five fused vertebrae.
TRUE
## Footnote
The sacrum connects the spine to the pelvis.
96
Fill in the blank: The **lumbar vertebrae** are located in the ______ region.
Lower back region.
97
What is the **function of ribs**?
To protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity.
98
Define **sternum**.
The flat bone located in the center of the chest, connecting ribs.
99
How many **coccygeal vertebrae** are there?
There are typically 4 coccygeal vertebrae.
100
True or false: The **hyoid bone** is part of the axial skeleton.
TRUE
## Footnote
The hyoid bone supports the tongue and is located in the neck.
101
Fill in the blank: The **atlas** is the first cervical vertebra, allowing ______.
Nodding of the head.
102
What is the **function of the axis** vertebra?
It allows for rotation of the head.
103
Define **costal cartilage**.
Cartilage that connects ribs to the sternum.
104
How many bones are in the **adult human skull**?
There are 22 bones in the adult human skull.
105
True or false: The **mandible** is the only movable bone of the skull.
TRUE
## Footnote
The mandible is the lower jawbone.
106
Fill in the blank: The **occipital bone** forms the ______ of the skull.
Back and base.
107
What is the **function of the temporal bone**?
It houses structures of the ear and protects the brain.
108
Define **maxilla**.
The upper jawbone that holds the upper teeth.
109
How many **facial bones** are there?
There are 14 facial bones.
110
True or false: The **nasal bones** form the bridge of the nose.
TRUE
## Footnote
The nasal bones are two small bones.
111
Fill in the blank: The **zygomatic bone** is also known as the ______ bone.
Cheekbone.
112
What is the **function of the sphenoid bone**?
It helps form the base of the skull and orbits.
113
Define **palatine bone**.
A bone that forms part of the hard palate and floor of the nose.
114
How many **intervertebral discs** are there?
There are 23 intervertebral discs.
115
True or false: The **vertebrae** are separated by intervertebral discs.
TRUE
## Footnote
These discs act as shock absorbers.
116
Fill in the blank: The **cervical region** has ______ vertebrae.
7 vertebrae.
117
What is the **function of the lumbar region**?
It bears the most weight and allows for flexibility.
118
Define **thoracic cage**.
The bony structure formed by the ribs and sternum.
119
How many **true ribs** are there?
There are 7 pairs of true ribs.
120
True or false: **False ribs** do not attach directly to the sternum.
TRUE
## Footnote
False ribs include 8th to 10th pairs.
121
Fill in the blank: The **floating ribs** are the ______ pairs of ribs.
11th and 12th pairs.
122
What is the **function of the rib cage**?
To protect the heart and lungs.
123
Define **vertebral foramen**.
The opening in each vertebra for the spinal cord.
124
How many **sacral vertebrae** are fused to form the sacrum?
5 sacral vertebrae.
125
True or false: The **coccyx** is commonly known as the tailbone.
TRUE
## Footnote
The coccyx is the remnant of a tail.
126
Fill in the blank: The **spinal cord** runs through the ______.
Vertebral foramen.
127
What is the **function of the hyoid bone**?
To support the tongue and assist in swallowing.
128
Define **atlas**.
The first cervical vertebra that supports the skull.
129
How many **bones** are in the human axial skeleton?
There are 80 bones in the axial skeleton.
130
True or false: The **skull** is part of the axial skeleton.
TRUE
## Footnote
The skull includes cranial and facial bones.
131
Fill in the blank: The **vertebrae** are categorized into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and ______.
Coccygeal.
132
What is the **function of the ribs**?
To protect the thoracic organs and assist in breathing.
133
Define **intervertebral discs**.
Cartilaginous structures that cushion vertebrae.
134
How many **cervical vertebrae** are there?
There are 7 cervical vertebrae.
135
True or false: The **thoracic vertebrae** articulate with the ribs.
TRUE
## Footnote
They provide attachment points for ribs.
136
Fill in the blank: The **lumbar vertebrae** are larger than the ______.
Cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
137
What is the **function of the sacrum**?
To connect the spine to the pelvis.
138
Define **costal margin**.
The lower edge of the rib cage formed by the costal cartilages.
139
How many **pairs of ribs** are considered false ribs?
5 pairs of false ribs.
140
True or false: The **sternum** consists of three parts.
TRUE
## Footnote
The three parts are manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
141
Fill in the blank: The **xiphoid process** is the ______ part of the sternum.
Smallest and lowest.
142
What is the **function of the thoracic vertebrae**?
To provide support for the rib cage.
143
Define **spinal column**.
The bony structure formed by the vertebrae.
144
How many **bones** make up the human skull?
The human skull is made up of 22 bones.
145
Define **joint**.
A connection between two bones that allows for movement.
146
What is the **function** of joints?
To facilitate movement and provide stability in the skeletal system.
147
True or false: **Synovial joints** allow for the most movement.
TRUE
## Footnote
Synovial joints include hinge and ball-and-socket joints.
148
Fill in the blank: **Cartilage** provides _______ at joints.
Cushioning and support.
149
What type of joint is the **knee**?
A hinge joint that allows for flexion and extension.
150
Define **ligament**.
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones.
151
What is the **role** of synovial fluid?
To lubricate joints and reduce friction during movement.
152
True or false: **Ball-and-socket joints** allow for rotational movement.
TRUE
## Footnote
Examples include the shoulder and hip joints.
153
Fill in the blank: The **elbow** is an example of a _______ joint.
Hinge
154
What is a **fibrous joint**?
A joint connected by dense connective tissue, allowing little to no movement.
155
Define **articular cartilage**.
Smooth tissue covering the ends of bones in a joint.
156
What type of movement does a **pivot joint** allow?
Rotational movement around a single axis.
157
True or false: **Cartilaginous joints** allow for free movement.
FALSE
## Footnote
Cartilaginous joints allow limited movement, like the spine.
158
Fill in the blank: The **shoulder** joint is classified as a _______ joint.
Ball-and-socket
159
What is the **function** of bursae in joints?
To reduce friction between moving parts of the joint.
160
Define **tendon**.
A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.
161
What type of joint is found in the **wrist**?
A condyloid joint that allows movement in two planes.
162
True or false: **Saddle joints** allow for movement in one plane only.
FALSE
## Footnote
Saddle joints allow movement in two planes, like the thumb.
163
Fill in the blank: The **ankle** is an example of a _______ joint.
Hinge
164
What is a **synovial membrane**?
A tissue that lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
165
Define **joint capsule**.
A fibrous structure that encloses a synovial joint.
166
What type of joint is the **hip**?
A ball-and-socket joint that allows for a wide range of motion.
167
True or false: **Amphiarthroses** are immovable joints.
FALSE
## Footnote
Amphiarthroses allow slight movement, like in the spine.
168
Fill in the blank: The **vertebrae** are an example of _______ joints.
Cartilaginous
169
What is the **function** of the meniscus?
To absorb shock and stabilize the knee joint.
170
Define **luxation**.
The complete dislocation of a joint.
171
What type of movement does a **gliding joint** allow?
Sliding movements between flat surfaces.
172
True or false: **Hinge joints** can rotate.
FALSE
## Footnote
Hinge joints allow movement in one direction only.
173
Fill in the blank: The **thumb** has a _______ joint.
Saddle
174
What is the **role** of ligaments in joints?
To provide stability and support by connecting bones.
175
Define **osteoarthritis**.
A degenerative joint disease causing cartilage breakdown.
176
What type of joint is the **shoulder**?
A ball-and-socket joint allowing multi-directional movement.
177
True or false: **Synovial joints** are the least mobile type of joint.
FALSE
## Footnote
Synovial joints are the most mobile type.
178
Fill in the blank: The **knee** joint is stabilized by _______ ligaments.
Cruciate and collateral
179
What is a **joint sprain**?
An injury to a ligament caused by overstretching.
180
Define **bursitis**.
Inflammation of the bursa, causing joint pain and swelling.
181
What type of joint is the **jaw**?
A hinge joint with gliding capabilities.
182
True or false: **Diarthroses** are freely movable joints.
TRUE
## Footnote
Diarthroses include all synovial joints.
183
Fill in the blank: The **pelvic** girdle contains _______ joints.
Sacroiliac
184
What is the **function** of the articular capsule?
To enclose the joint and provide stability.
185
Define **joint dislocation**.
The displacement of bones at a joint.
186
What type of joint is the **ankle**?
A hinge joint allowing dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.
187
True or false: **Fibrous joints** are highly mobile.
FALSE
## Footnote
Fibrous joints are typically immovable.
188
Fill in the blank: The **wrist** contains _______ joints.
Condyloid and gliding
189
What is a **joint capsule**?
A protective layer surrounding a synovial joint.
190
Define **arthritis**.
A group of diseases causing joint inflammation and pain.
191
What type of joint is the **shoulder**?
A ball-and-socket joint allowing extensive movement.
192
True or false: **Synovial joints** are the most common type of joint.
TRUE
## Footnote
They are found in the limbs and many other areas.
193
Fill in the blank: The **ankle** allows _______ movement.
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
194
What is the **function** of the meniscus?
To cushion and stabilize the knee joint.
195
Define **subluxation**.
A partial dislocation of a joint.
196
What type of joint is the **elbow**?
A hinge joint allowing flexion and extension.
197
True or false: **Cartilaginous joints** allow for free movement.
FALSE
## Footnote
They allow limited movement.
198
Fill in the blank: The **hip** joint is a _______ joint.
Ball-and-socket
199
What is the **role** of synovial fluid?
To lubricate joints and reduce friction.
200
Define **joint replacement**.
A surgical procedure to replace a damaged joint.
201
Define **flexion**.
A movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
202
What is **extension**?
A movement that increases the angle between two body parts.
203
True or false: **Abduction** moves a limb away from the midline.
TRUE
204
Fill in the blank: **Adduction** is the opposite of _______.
Abduction
205
Define **rotation**.
A circular movement around an axis.
206
What is **circumduction**?
A conical movement of a body part, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
207
True or false: **Pronation** refers to turning the palm up.
FALSE
## Footnote
Pronation is the inward rotation of the forearm, turning the palm down.
208
Define **supination**.
The outward rotation of the forearm, turning the palm up.
209
What is **dorsiflexion**?
A movement that raises the foot upwards towards the shin.
210
Fill in the blank: **Plantarflexion** is the opposite of _______.
Dorsiflexion
211
Define **elevation**.
A movement that raises a body part vertically.
212
What is **depression**?
A movement that lowers a body part vertically.
213
True or false: **Opposition** refers to the movement of the thumb towards the fingers.
TRUE
214
Fill in the blank: **Reposition** is the opposite of _______.
Opposition
215
Define **inversion**.
A movement that turns the sole of the foot inward.
216
What is **eversion**?
A movement that turns the sole of the foot outward.
217
True or false: **Opposition** is a movement unique to the thumb.
TRUE
218
Fill in the blank: **Retraction** pulls a body part _______.
Backwards
219
Define **protraction**.
A movement that pushes a body part forward.
220
What is **horizontal abduction**?
A movement that moves a limb away from the midline in a horizontal plane.
221
Fill in the blank: **Horizontal adduction** brings a limb _______.
Closer to the midline
222
Define **lateral flexion**.
A bending movement to the side of the body.
223
What is **medial rotation**?
A rotation towards the midline of the body.
224
True or false: **Lateral rotation** moves a limb towards the midline.
FALSE
## Footnote
Lateral rotation moves a limb away from the midline.
225
Fill in the blank: **Opposition** allows for grasping and _______.
Pinching
226
Define **sagittal plane**.
A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts.
227
What is **frontal plane**?
A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
228
True or false: **Transverse plane** divides the body into upper and lower parts.
TRUE
229
Fill in the blank: **Flexion** occurs in the _______ plane.
Sagittal
230
Define **extension** in the context of movement.
Increasing the angle between body parts, often returning to anatomical position.
231
What is **abduction** in terms of limb movement?
Moving a limb away from the body's midline.
232
Fill in the blank: **Adduction** is a movement that brings a limb _______.
Closer to the midline
233
Define **rotation** in joint movement.
A circular movement around a central point or axis.
234
What is **circumduction** in joint movement?
A circular motion that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
235
True or false: **Pronation** is associated with the foot only.
FALSE
## Footnote
Pronation applies to both the forearm and the foot.
236
Fill in the blank: **Supination** occurs when the palm is turned _______.
Upward
237
Define **dorsiflexion** in ankle movement.
Raising the foot upwards towards the shin.
238
What is **plantarflexion**?
Pointing the toes away from the shin.
239
True or false: **Elevation** can occur in the shoulder girdle.
TRUE
240
Fill in the blank: **Depression** lowers a body part _______.
Downwards
